Rapid Determination of Toxic Rhodamine B in Food Samples Using Exfoliated Graphene-Modified Electrode
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Rapid Determination of Toxic Rhodamine B in Food Samples Using Exfoliated Graphene-Modified Electrode Dong Sun 1 & Xiaofeng Yang 1
Received: 9 November 2016 / Accepted: 15 December 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Due to being harmful to the human health, the qualitative and quantitative determination of rhodamine B (RhB) is of great significance. In this work, a sensitive, rapid, and convenient electrochemical method was developed for the determination of RhB based on the enhancement effects of Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) exfoliated graphene nanosheets (GS). On the surface of NMP-exfoliated GS-modified electrode, the oxidation signals of RhB are enhanced greatly, and consequently the detection sensitivity is obviously improved. The influences of pH value, GS modification amount, and accumulation time were studied. The linear range of this new method is from 5 to 120 nM, and the detection limit is 1.5 nM. It was used in different soy sauce samples, and the detected results consisted with the values that are obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography. Keywords Rhodamine B . Rapid determination . Electrochemical sensing . Exfoliated graphene
Introduction The overuse of additives in foodstuffs, especially synthetic dyes, has been considered a great threat to human health. Rhodamine B (RhB, 9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-3,6bis(diethylamino) xanthylium chloride), a highly watersoluble industrial azoic dye, has been extensively used for fluorescent labeling and food coloring due to its fastness, * Xiaofeng Yang [email protected] 1
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
low cost, and stability (Longmire et al. 2008). For example, RhB has frequently been added to chili powder and chili oil as a colorant. However, RhB has potential toxic effects and is an allergen affecting the human respiratory system, skin, and brain (Jain et al. 2007; Soylak et al. 2011). Moreover, RhB is also found to be toxic and carcinogenic in multiple feeding tests of rats and mice (Zhai et al. 2017). Therefore, measurement of trace amounts of RhB in food matrices is still a demanding task. The most commonly used analytical methods for RhB in laboratories include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Qi et al. 2014), liquid chromatographmass spectrometer (LC-MS) (Botek et al. 2005), and fluorescence spectrometry (Liu et al. 2001). Due to the advantages of simple operation, fast response, low cost, and easy online monitoring, electrochemical methods have also been developed for the determination of RhB. For example, a silica-pillared zirconium phosphate/ Nafion composite (SPZP/NAF)-modified electrode with detection limit of 4.3 nM (Zhang et al. 2016), a betacyclodextrin functionalized nanogold/hollow carbon nanosphere nanohybrid (beta-CD-AuNPs/HCNS)-modified electrode with detection limit of 2 nM (Yi et al. 2015), and a core-shell-structured Cu @ carbon sphere (Cu@CS) nanohybrid-modified electrode with detection limit of 100 nM (Sun et al. 2014) have been repor
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