Graphene based biosensors for healthcare
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This section of Journal of Materials Research is reserved for papers that are reviews of literature in a given area.
Graphene based biosensors for healthcare Trupti Terse-Thakoora) Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
Sushmee Badhulika Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, 502285 Hyderabad, India
Ashok Mulchandanib) Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA (Received 17 January 2017; accepted 4 April 2017)
Graphene due to its unique physicochemical properties mainly its large surface to volume ratio, excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, as well as broad electrochemical potential, has received considerable attention for biosensing applications. In this review paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the field of electrochemical biosensors developed using the graphene nanomaterial including graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, CVD graphene, and various graphene based nanostructures including nanomesh, nanowalls, etc. in healthcare related applications. The review focusses on material synthesis, device fabrication, and biofunctionalization of graphene electrodes in biosensing such as those based on electrochemical impedance, amperometry/voltammetry, potentiometry, conductometry, and field effect transistor. Additionally, several ingenious biosensing strategies of graphene biosensor in clinical diagnosis for detection of proteins (disease biomarkers), nucleic acids (mutation analysis in genetic diseases), small molecules (disease metabolites like glucose, lactic acid etc.), and pathogens (bacterial and viral infections) have also been discussed.
I. INTRODUCTION
Biosensor technology has truly revolutionized the quality of human life by providing selective, sensitive, and rapid (point-of-care) detection tools for disease diagnosis and monitoring. Whether it is detection of disease specific, small molecule metabolites like glucose, protein biomarkers, DNA or pathogenic microorganisms, biosensors are being increasingly used in developing advanced detection techniques in healthcare and medicine. In general, a biosensor can be broadly defined as a device which can detect presence of chemical or biological molecules like enzymes or proteins or nucleic acid, microorganisms, using specific biorecognition elements like receptors, antibodies, enzymes, substrate etc. The information about specific binding of analyte to biorecognition element is converted into a measurable output as a signal using the transducer. Depending upon the type of transducer used, biosensors can be categorized as electrochemical, optical, thermal, piezoelectric etc. To limit the scope of this review, we will be specificall
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