Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a New Sensitive Material for Electrochemical Determination of Trace Amounts of Tartrazine in
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Graphitic Carbon Nitride as a New Sensitive Material for Electrochemical Determination of Trace Amounts of Tartrazine in Food Samples Mohammad Ali Karimi 1 & Vida Haji Aghaei 1 & Azizollah Nezhadali 1 & Narges Ajami 1 Received: 1 December 2017 / Accepted: 11 April 2018 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract In this work, g-C3N4 was successfully fabricated by direct pyrolysis of the melamine, and then without any modification, was used to prepare g-C3N4/graphite pencil electrode. The maximum current at this working electrode was depended significantly by the pH value; thus, the g-C3N4/tartrazine interaction is pH-dependent and the best pH was obtained in an acidic medium at pH 2.1. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of tartrazine. Differential pulse voltammetry under the optimized experimental conditions showed that the electrochemical current of the sensor was linear to the concentration of tartrazine in dynamic range of 1.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−5 mol L−1. The detection limit of tartrazine was found to be 0.21 μmol L−1. In addition, this method is simple, environmental friendly, and economical for rapid and precision determination of trace amounts of tartrazine in real samples. This electrode has a good stability and repeatability. Keywords Graphitic carbon nitride . Electrochemical determination . Tatrazine . pH-sensitive sensor
Introduction Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been discovered very long ago, in the 1830s (Yew et al. 2016). Binary nitrogen and carbon materials are a new variety of carbonaceous materials doped with nitrogen. Since C and N are the most abundant elements in our planet, these covalent solids are environment friendly (Silva and Rojas, 2016). Graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is the most stable allotrope of all the carbon nitride under ambient condition (Cheng et al. 2014). The g-C3N4 is a new two-dimensional material and has aroused a great deal of interest in recent decades (Liu et al., 2016a; Wang and Bi, 2015). It is environmentally friendly, with excellent biocompatibility and nontoxicity, earth abundant, and can be produced on a large scale at low cost (Cai et al. 2015; Xiong et al. 2016; Li et al. 2015). The g-C3N4 has attracted many interests recently (Amiri et al. 2016). There are strong C–N covalent bonds within each layer of g-C3N4, instead of C–C covalent bonds present in graphite. The different layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces (Hatamie et al. 2018). * Mohammad Ali Karimi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran
Graphitic carbon nitride, an analogue of graphene, has been of great interest due to the strong electron donor nature of nitrogen present in g-C3N4, which is absent in graphene (Gu et al. 2015). It is a defect rich, N-bridged poly (tri-s-triazine), whereby the defects and nitrogen atoms serve as active sites for electron conductivity (Lee et al. 2016). In
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