Green preparation of reduced graphene oxide by Bougainvillea glabra flower extract and sensing application
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Green preparation of reduced graphene oxide by Bougainvillea glabra flower extract and sensing application G. Balu Mahendran1 · S. Jothi Ramalingam1 · John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan2,3 · Srinivasan Kesavan5 · T. Periathambi1 · Noel Nesakumar3,4 Received: 4 April 2020 / Accepted: 12 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this paper, we report the application of Bougainvillea glabra flower extract as a green-reducing agent for the reduction of chemically prepared graphene oxide (GO). The removal of oxygen-containing functional groups after reduction of GO was due to the presence of phenolic compounds in the flower extract of Bougainvillea glabra. Towards the sensing of P b2+, a simple drop-casting technique was adopted to fabricate the sensing element by modifying the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with rGO-nafion nanocomposite. Differential pulse voltammetry was employed as an electroanalytical technique to study the sensing capability of the proposed electrode for different concentrations of Pb2+. The fabricated SPCE exhibited a low limit of detection of 0.05 nM toward P b2+ with an improved sensitivity of 25.273 µA n M−1 over a linear range of 0.05–8.67 nM.
1 Introduction Graphene has received immense attention in recent years owing to its excellent mechanical strength, high surface area, thermal conductivity and electronic properties [1, 2]. Graphene can be produced using different techniques, including mechanical exfoliation, chemical vapour deposition and electrochemical exfoliation [1, 2]. However, these * S. Jothi Ramalingam [email protected] * Noel Nesakumar [email protected] 1
PG and Research Department of Chemistry, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli), Poondi, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 503, India
2
School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
3
Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
4
School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613 401, India
5
Department of Chemistry, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Dindugul, Tamil Nadu 624 302, India
methodologies have several drawbacks which include instrument constraints, low yield and high energy prerequisite [1, 2]. In the past decade, chemical methods that use reducing agent such as sodium borohydride, lithium aluminium hydride and hydrazine monohydrate to reduce GO in the production of graphene have become popular among researchers [3–5]. Nevertheless, these reducing agents are extremely toxic to humans and release poisonous waste. The research for alternative green-reducing agent is highly demanding in recent times. Various environmental friendly approaches using reducing agents such as glucose, coconut water, reducing sugar, green tea extract, caff
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