Chemical Constituents of Morus alba
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CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF Morus alba
C. Y. Chen,1* C. L. Kao,2 H. C. Yeh,1 P. L. Song,3 R. J. Lin,4,5,6 and H. T. Li3*
Mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) is of the species Morus and belongs to the Moracea family. The trees grow widely in Europe, West China, Korea, and Japan. Their leaves are very commonly utilized as feed of silkworms. The leaves of Morus plants can also be used as hypoglycemic, hypotensive, diuretic, and antimutagenic tonics [1]. As a traditional Chinese medicine, mulberry leaves have been used to treat fever, protect the liver, and lower blood pressure for a long time [2]. Previous studies have shown that mulberry leaves exhibit a variety of biological functions including antiobesity [3], antidiabetes [4], antioxidation [5], anti-inflammation [6] and antiatherosclerosis [7]. Up to now a large number of flavones, benzofurans, and alkanoids have been isolated from mulberry leaves [8, 9], but the chemical constituents of mulberry leaves and their bioactivities deserve to be further investigated. The MeOH extract of mulberry leaves were subjected to solvent partitioning and chromatographic separation to afford 14 pure substances. The chemical constituents of mulberry leaves were separated by column chromatography. Investigation of the MeOH extract of the plant has led to the isolation of 14 compounds, including three steroids: β-sitosterol (1) [10], β-sitostenone (2), and stigmastenone (3) [11]; one triterpenoid: lupeol (4) [12]; one fatty acid: linoleic acid (5) [13]; four benzenoids: p-hydroxybenzoic acid (6) [14], p-hydroxybenzadehyde (7) [15], methylparaben (8) [16], and isovanillic acid (9) [17]; three lignans: (+)-syringaresinol (10) [18], (+)-dia-syringaresinol (11) [19], and liriodendrin [(+)-syringaresinol-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside] (12) [20]; and two chlorophylls: pheophytin-a (13) [21] and pheophorbide a methyl ester (14) [22]. These compounds were obtained and characterized by comparison of their physical and spectral data (UV, IR, NMR, and MS) with values obtained in the literature. Besides 1, 4, and 10, all of these compounds were found for the first time from mulberry leaves. The specimen of mulberry leaves was collected from Kaohsiung City, Taiwan in June 2017. A voucher specimen was characterized by Dr. Jin-Cherng Huang of the Department of Forest Products Science and Furniture Engineering, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan and deposited in the School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Samples were dried at 50°C for 4 h and then ground into a fine powder. The sample of mulberry leaves (632 g) was extracted with MeOH (2 L × 10) at room temperature, and the MeOH extract (24.2 g) was obtained upon concentration under reduced pressure. The MeOH extract was chromatographed over silica gel (800 g, 70–230 mesh) using n-hexane–acetone as eluent to produce nine fractions. Part of Fr. 1 (2.1 g) was subjected to silica gel chromatography by eluting with n-hexane–acetone (40:1) and enriched with acetone to furnish six fractions (1-1–1-6). Fraction 1-1
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