Health risk evaluation of uranium in groundwater of Bemetara district of Chhattisgarh state, India
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Health risk evaluation of uranium in groundwater of Bemetara district of Chhattisgarh state, India Megha Sahu1 · Santosh Kumar Sar1 · Rakesh Dewangan2 · Triambak Baghel3 Received: 28 March 2019 / Accepted: 26 November 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract This study has been carried out to determine the uranium concentration associated with physicochemical parameters and water quality index during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon of Bemetara district to correlate the quality of water for public health. The correlation matrix has been applied for the determination of the correlation value to find out the relationship of uranium with water quality parameters. The uranium levels in water samples range from 1.15 to 83.5 µg/L and 0.68 to 96.08 µg/L during pre-monsoon and postmonsoon, respectively. The uranium concentration of few samples exceeds the safe limit of 30 µg/L prescribed by World Health Organization 2011. A positive correlation of uranium concentration with total hardness and total dissolved solids during both monsoons has been observed. The lifetime cancer risk varied from 0.07 × 10−6 to 5.06 × 10−6 and 0.04 × 10−6 to 5.82 × 10−6 in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period, respectively, which is lower than the maximum permissible limit ( 100
Good water quality Poor water quality Very poor water quality Unsuitable for drinking
Drinking, irrigation, and industrial Irrigation and industrial Irrigation Proper treatment required before use
13
Health risk evaluation of uranium in groundwater of Bemetara… Table 2 Drinking water standards with unit weight for pre- and post-monsoon S. no.
Parameters
Standards
Recommended agency
Unit weight
1
pH
6.5–8.5
ICMR/BIS
0.0035
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Electrical conductivity Total dissolved solids Total alkalinity Total hardness Calcium Magnesium Chloride Nitrate Sulfate Uranium
300 500 120 300 75 30 250 45 150 0.03
ICMR ICMR/BIS ICMR ICMR/BIS ICMR/BIS ICMR/BIS ICMR ICMR/BIS ICMR/BIS WHO
0.0001 0.00006 0.0002 0.0001 0.0004 0.0010 0.0001 0.0007 0.0002 0.9933
Quality rating (qn) and nth water quality parameters in contaminated water show a number reflecting the relative of these parameters with respect to its standard permissible value. The unit weight of corresponding parameters is inversely proportional to the prescribed standard value Sn and expressed by the following equation:
Wn =
K Sn
(5)
Wn = unit weight for the nth parameters, K = proportionality constant. Water quality index is calculated by aggregated quality ratings linearly with unit weight.
WQI =
𝛴qn Wn . 𝛴Wn
4 Results and discussion The measured value of uranium concentration and physicochemical parameters of collected 50 drinking water samples are given in Table 3. The correlation of uranium with other physicochemical parameters during pre- and post-monsoon is shown in Tables 4 and 5. The range of pH in 50 samples is found under the permissible limit of 6.5–8.5 given by WHO 2011 during pre- and post-monsoon, and it is observed that there is no correlation of pH with uranium concentration.
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