Implications of Biomolecular Corona for Molecular Imaging
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Implications of Biomolecular Corona for Molecular Imaging Morteza Mahmoudi,1,2 Anna Moore
1,2
1
Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
2
Abstract The development of nanoparticle probes has opened up new possibilities for molecular imaging in the era of precision medicine. There are a wide range of nanoprobes that are being used for various modalities that have demonstrated promising potential in early detection, disease monitoring, and theranostics. However, the rate of successful clinical translation of the nanoprobes is very low and is affected by the lack of our understanding about nanoparticle interaction with biological fluids after systemic administration, thus representing an unmet clinical need. One of the poorly understood issues relates to the formation of biomolecular corona, a layer of biomolecules formed on the surface of nanoscale materials during their interactions with biological fluids. The biomolecular corona has several significant effects on the biodistribution of nanoprobes and their imaging ability by (i) reducing their targeting efficacy and (ii) affecting the intrinsic imaging properties (e.g., contrast capacity of magnetic nanoprobes). This review provides insights on the importance of considering biomolecular corona in the development of nanoprobes, which may enable their more efficient utilization for molecular imaging applications. Key words: Molecular imaging, Nanoparticle, Biomolecular corona, Targeting
Introduction Development of noninvasive strategies, capable of ultrasensitive imaging of desired biosystems, is a major unmet clinical need [1, 2]. Successful development of such strategies enables clinicians to precisely identify diseases at their early stages which, in turn, can save many lives and significantly reduce the economic and social burden of catastrophic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, various events can be monitored during the course of the treatment such as the efficacy of drug/molecular therapies, apoptosis, activation of immune system, appearance/disappearance of certain drug metabolites, and others. Moreover, monitoring of disease relapse that may have different biomarkers compared to the Morteza Mahmoudi and Anna Moore contributed equally to this work. Correspondence to: Morteza Mahmoudi; e-mail: [email protected], Anna Moore; e-mail: [email protected]
initial diagnosis is also required. Finally, a combination of imaging and therapeutic probes (“theranostics”) is gaining more momentum as it allows to deliver drugs and monitor this delivery simultaneously in in vivo setting. In the past few decades, a wide span of nanoprobes including theragnostics have been developed for a variety of molecular imaging applications. These nanoprobes have been used as contrast agents across multiple imaging modalities including fluorescence [3–6], computed tomog
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