Influence of temperature variation on spinel-structure MgFe 2 O 4 anchored on reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Influence of temperature variation on spinel-structure MgFe2O4 anchored on reduced graphene oxide for electrochemical detection of 4-cyanophenol Kuo-Yuan Hwa 1,2,3 & Anindita Ganguly 2,4 & Sanjay Kanna Sharma Tata 1,2 Received: 5 August 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The effect of annealing temperature variance on magnesium ferrites (MgFe2O4) later anchored on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) forming hybrid nanocomposite is demonstrated and its electrochemical performance investigated by using a screen-printed carbon paste electrode (SPCE) for detection of the environmental hazardous phenolic compound 4-cyanophenol (4-CY). The MgFe2O4 (MFO–600 °C) displayed an enhanced charge transfer ratio with high conductivity and electrocatalytic activity. To confirm the structural and morphological parameters of the rGO-MFO-2 hybrid micro/nanocomposite, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), and field-emission electron microscopy (FE-EM) with EDX mapping have been utilized. The rGO/MFO-2/SPCE electrode displayed high catalytic performance in detecting 4-CY with good sensitivity of 6.836 μA μM−1 cm−2 in a working range 0.001 to 700 μM with a limit of detection of 0.0012 μM by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). This is achieved for the active interaction between rGO and MFO-2 active surface site areas resulting in good electrochemical activity and high electron transfer rate. Moreover, 4-CY detection has been performed in the presence of various interferents and through real-time analysis in samples like tap water, industrial river water, and fish which resulted in admirable recovery. Keywords 4-Cyanophenol . Ferrites . Hydrothermal synthesis . Phenol . Water analysis
Introduction Phenolic compounds are a group of small molecule organic compounds that have at least one hydroxyl group forming a direct Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-02004613-z. * Kuo-Yuan Hwa [email protected] 1
Graduate Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan (Republic of China)
2
Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan (Republic of China)
3
Center for Biomedical Industry, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan (Republic of China)
4
International Graduate Program in Energy and Optoelectronic Materials, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan (Republic of China)
bond with one or more aromatic rings. Most of the phenolic compounds such as chlorophenols, nitrophenols, aminophenols, and chlorocatechols have been identified to exert toxicity in humans and other living organisms [1, 2]. These compounds have been declared as a potential environmental hazard by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) as they are highly soluble in the aquatic environment with
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