Intelligent Control Systems An Introduction with Examples
Intelligent control is a rapidly developing, complex and challenging field with great practical importance and potential. Because of the rapidly developing and interdisciplinary nature of the subject, there are only a few edited volumes consisting of rese
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Applied Optimization Volume 60
Series Editors: Panos M. Pardalos University of Florida, U.S.A. Donald Hearn University of Florida, U.S.A.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Intelligent Control Systems An Introduction with Examples
by
Katalin M. Hangos Department of Computer Science, University of Veszprém, Systems and Control Laboratory, Computer and Automation Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Rozália Lakner Department of Computer Science, University of Veszprém and
Miklós Gerzson Department of Automation, University of Veszprém
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:
0-306-48081-6 1-4020-0134-7
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To our Better Halves
Contents
Acknowledgments Preface
xiii xv
1. GETTING STARTED Intelligent control: what does it mean? 1. 2. Components of intelligent control systems 2.1 Software elements 2.2 Users 3. The structure and use of the book 3.1 The structure of the material 3.2 Prerequisites and potential readers 3.3 Course variants
1 2 3 3 5 6 6 7 8
2. KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION 1. Data and knowledge 1.1 Data representation and data items in traditional databases 1.2 Data representation and data items in relational databases 2. Rules 2.1 Logical operations 2.2 Syntax and semantics of rules Datalog rule sets 2.3 2.3.1 The dependence graph of datalog rule sets Objects 3. 4. Frames 5. Semantic nets
11 12
3. REASONING AND SEARCH IN RULE-BASED SYSTEMS 1. Solving problems by reasoning 1.1 The structure of the knowledge base 1.2 The reasoning algorithm 1.3 Conflict resolution
31 31 32 33 36
vii
12 14 15 15 18 19 21 22 26 27
viii
INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEMS
2.
3.
4. 5.
1.4 Explanation of the reasoning Forward reasoning 2.1 The method of forward reasoning 2.2 A simple case study of forward reasoning Backward reasoning Solving problems by reduction 3.1 3.2 The method of backward reasoning 3.3 A simple case study of backward reasoning Bidirectional reasoning Search methods 5.1 The general search algorithm 5.2 Depth-first search 5.3 Breadth-first search 5.4 Hill climbing search A* search 5.5
38 38 38 41 44 44 45 48 51 51 52 53 54 55 56
4. VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF RULE-BASES Contradiction freeness 1. 1.1 The notion of contradiction freeness Testing contradiction freeness 1.2 The search problem of contradiction freeness 1.3 2. Completeness 2.1 The notion of completeness 2.2 Testing completeness 2.3 The search problem of completeness 3. Further problems 3.1 Joint contradiction freeness and completeness 3.2 Contradiction free
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