Investigation of Extraction Methods for the Assessment of the Pseudo-Total Concentration of Potentially Toxic Elements i
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Investigation of Extraction Methods for the Assessment of the Pseudo-Total Concentration of Potentially Toxic Elements in Moderately Contaminated Soils of Central Greece Evangelia E. Golia & Nikolaos G. Tsiropoulos & Sryridon Vleioras & Vasileios Antoniadis Received: 10 May 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The aim of this research was the investigation of the effectiveness of several extractants as possible assessment of pseudo-total As, Pb and Cu concentrations in moderately contaminated soils of Central Greece. In soils of 3 different land uses (forest, agricultural and industrial), various extraction procedures were performed using simple and low-cost extraction solutions, i.e. inorganic acids (HCl and H3PO4), salts (NH4NO3 and CH3COONH4), organic chelating agents (as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)) and an alkaline agent (NaOH). The findings were reported as percentages to their pseudo-total concentrations obtained using Aqua Regia. The species of As (III), As (V) and total As(T) were extracted. Higher percentages of As concentrations were extracted using H3PO4 concluding that this may be the most effective of the extractants used. On the other hand, the percentages of the EDTAextracted Pb and Cu, in forest soils with high organic matter content, were the highest. In forest soils, also,
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04849-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. E. E. Golia (*) : N. G. Tsiropoulos : V. Antoniadis Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38 446 N. Ionia, Volos, Greece e-mail: [email protected] S. Vleioras Regional Plant Protection Center and Quality Control of Volos, 38 334, Pedion Areos, Volos, Greece
satisfactory correlations between EDTA-extracted Pb and Cu versus their pseudo-total content were observed. Finally, significant correlations among As, Pb and Cu concentrations in some soil extracts and soil physicochemical parameters were obtained, suggesting that the extractability of As, Pb and Cu may depend upon soil characteristics in the study area. Keywords Arsenite . Arsenate . Pb . Cu . Extracting solutions
1 Introduction Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are considered environmental pollutants, because of their toxicity, persistence and non-degradability (Chen et al. 2016; Musilova et al. 2016; Antoniadis et al. 2017a; Boni et al. 2020). The natural concentration of heavy metals and metalloids in arable soils depends primarily on the chemical and mineralogical composition of the underlying rocks, but PTEs can also originate from various other sources, such as inorganic fertilizers, manure and pesticide application, sewage irrigation, the possible use of biosolids, atmospheric deposition and industrial activities (Antoniadis and Alloway 2002; Alloway 2013; Jayasiri et al. 2014; Giannakis et al. 2020). Metal and metalloid behaviour may be
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