Stem Cells and Hydrogels for Liver Tissue Engineering: Synergistic Cure for Liver Regeneration
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Stem Cells and Hydrogels for Liver Tissue Engineering: Synergistic Cure for Liver Regeneration Akram Nadi 1
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Lida Moradi 2,3
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Jafar Ai 4
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Shiva Asadpour 1,5
Accepted: 12 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The liver is one of the body’s tissues that has regenerative abilities. But if the damage is too much, it needs to medical interventions for the regeneration. Liver donor shortage causes researchers to turn to other treatments. Tissue engineering is a new approach to liver regeneration. Hydrogels are polymeric networks of hydrophilic, flexible, and similar to natural tissue. Therefore, they are used to encapsulate cells These constructs are potent substrates to induce differentiation of stem cells to the hepatocytes. According to inadequate availability of the hepatocytes, an alternative cell is required to produce hepatocyte-like cells. Due to the self-renewal and differentiation properties of stem cells, they are suitable cell sources to replace the lostcells. This review has focused on liver regeneration, advantages and disadvantages of hydrogels for liver regeneration, injectable materials, hydrogel fabrication methods, including 3D printing, and stem cells for liver regeneration. Furthermore, this paper shows in vitro, preclinical, and clinical trial studies of hydrogel and stem cells for liver regeneration. Keywords Liver regeneration . Stem cells . Hydrogel . Preclinical trial . Clinical trial
Introduction Two million deaths in the world occur every year due to the chronic liver and cirrhosis diseases. The most prevalent etiologies of chronic liver and cirrhosis diseases are chronic hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, alcoholic, and non-alcoholicrelated liver disease (Moon et al. 2019). The liver is an important organ in the body with different functions. It exhibits many physiological processes such as protein synthesis and
* Shiva Asadpour [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
2
The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, New York University, 10016 New York, NY, USA
4
Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
secretion, xenobiotic detoxification, material storage, and generation of bile (Heydari et al. 2020). Although the liver has a high capacity of regeneration, vast injuries disrupt this regeneration. Agents such as drugs, toxins, viral infections, cancers, and in general metabolical or biological dysfunctions cause end-stage liver disease or acute liver (Bangru and Kalsotra 2020) and orthot
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