Location Planning of Charging Stations for Electric City Buses
Fuel prices on the rise and ambitious goals in environment protection make it increasingly necessary to change for modern and sustainable powertrain technologies. This trend also affects the transportation sector, and electric buses with stationary chargi
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Abstract Fuel prices on the rise and ambitious goals in environment protection make it increasingly necessary to change for modern and sustainable powertrain technologies. This trend also affects the transportation sector, and electric buses with stationary charging technology grow in popularity. Their launch however is still costly, and an optimal choice of the charging stations locations is crucial. In our paper we present a mixed integer model that determines an optimal solution concerning the investment costs for a single bus line. It is mainly constrained by an energy balance. Hence, energy consumption on the driven paths and of auxiliary consumers have to be considered as well as holding times at bus stops and thus the potentially recharged amount of electric energy. Additionally, we take account of service life preservation of the batteries as well as beneficial existing infrastructure and constructional restrictions. We give an overview of our results obtained from real world data of the bus network of Mannheim. In our tests we consider different scenarios regarding passenger volume, traffic density and further factors.
1 Introduction Electric buses can be configured and charged by different technical approaches [7]. Charging strategies could be exclusively over-night-charging in the bus depot, battery swap [6] or opportunity charging during the daily service at defined charging points. The advantage of opportunity charging is the possibility of using smaller batteries with lower vehicle costs, less weight and less technical ageing-effects. On the K. Berthold (B) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany e-mail: [email protected] B. Rohrbeck e-mail: [email protected] P. Förster Westernacher Business Management Consulting AG, Im Schuhmachergewann 6, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 K.F. Dœrner et al. (eds.), Operations Research Proceedings 2015, Operations Research Proceedings, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42902-1_32
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downside, a charging infrastructure along the bus lines is needed. A city bus usually follows a route with a lot of physically identical stops that have to be connected logically. This makes planning for charging stations of city buses more complex than other location problems, and few literature exists. We developed a mixed integer model for one bus line. Contrary to positioning charging stations for individual electric vehicles, this predetermined routine has to be taken into account. References [3–5] suggest different approaches, the latter with a more technical background. To determine optimal charging locations for private electric vehicles [2] developed a model basing on car park sites. In the next section we explain our model in detail. Section 3 focusses on computational tests and evaluation. Finally, we give an outlook on future research.
2 Problem Formulation The main challenge in modelling the problem of locating stationary char
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