Lysosome-targeted ratiometric fluorescent sensor for monitoring pH in living cells based on one-pot-synthesized carbon d
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Lysosome-targeted ratiometric fluorescent sensor for monitoring pH in living cells based on one-pot-synthesized carbon dots Shaomei Xu 1 & Xu He 2 & Yibing Huang 2 & Xin Liu 1 & Lihe Zhao 1 & Xinghua Wang 1 & Ying Sun 1 & Pinyi Ma 1 & Daqian Song 1 Received: 2 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A hydrothermal method has been employed to synthesize a green and one-pot carbon dots-based sensor for ratiometric monitoring and imaging lysosomal pH in living cells. The carbon dots were directly functionalized by abundant amino groups during synthesis and exhibited dual emission bands at 439 and 550 nm under single-wavelength excitation of 380 nm without any additional modification. In addition to its small size, the established sensor had good biocompatibility. Owing to its abundant amino groups and good hydrophilicity, the sensor is able to target lysosome with high Pearson’s colocalization coefficients (0.935 and 0.924) and responds to change of lysosomal pH in living cells. It also had excellent pH sensitivity and reversibility, and anti-interference capability, thus enabling sensing pH change in intracellular environment in real time, as demonstrated by successful monitoring of lysosomal pH changes during lysosomal alkalization, dexamethasone-induced stimulation, and stress in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 cells (blue channel, excitation = 405 nm and emission = 419–459 nm bandpass; and yellow channel, excitation = 405 nm and emission = 530–570 nm bandpass). Keywords Carbon dots . Living cell imaging . Intracellular pH probe . Ratiometric fluorescence sensor . Lysosome
Introduction Intracellular pH plays vital roles in modulating the functions of organelles and various physiological and pathological processes, such as proliferation [1], apoptosis [2], multidrug resistance [3], endocytosis [4], cell metabolism [4], and tumor growth [5]. Lysosomes, which have an acidic pH of 4.4–5.5 [6, 7], play a vital role in cellular homeostasis, such as removal of certain pathogens, degradation of protein, and repair of plasma Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-020-04462-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Daqian Song [email protected] Pinyi Ma [email protected] 1
College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, China
2
College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, China
membrane [8]. Change of pH in lysosomes can cause defects in their function, leading to autophagy blockage and storage disorders [7]. In addition, various evidences have indicated that measurement of lysosomal pH distribution and fluctuation at high temporal-spatial resolution in living cells can provide pivotal clues for early diagnosis and treatment of cancer [9, 10]. For this reason, accurate and targeted measurements of lysosomal pH is urgently needed. Recently, efforts have been made to develop rat
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