Melanogenic Effect and Toxicity Assessments of Standardized Extract of Brosimum gaudichaudii
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Melanogenic Effect and Toxicity Assessments of Standardized Extract of Brosimum gaudichaudii Frederico Severino Martins 1 & Sherwin K. B. Sy 2 & Edemilson Cardoso da Conceição 3 Maria José Vieira Fonseca 1 & Osvaldo de Freitas 1
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Received: 7 March 2020 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2020
Abstract Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul, Moraceae, is a Brazilian plant species used in traditional medicine to treat vitiligo or as an additive in natural suntan lotions. Even though it is widely used in Brazil, its safety and efficacy have not been studied. In this study, the hydroalcoholic extract was standardized for its psoralen and 5-methoxypsoralen content, and its biological effects were studied in B16F10 cells. Melanin synthesis capacity of the extract was compared with synthetic psoralen and 5-methoxypsoralen in the same cell line. Safety assessment of the extract was performed by neutral red uptake, comet, and micronucleus cytome assays. The herbal extract was less cytotoxic to the B16F10 cells than pure active ingredients, psoralen, and 5-methoxypsoralen in equivalent doses. Melanin synthesis was enhanced by 300% with the extract compared with the 130% increase with psoralen and 5-methoxypsoralen. The extract prepared with the roots, as well as the synthetic compounds used as control standards, exhibited mutagenic activity on B16F10 cells. Consequently, caution has to be taken with the use of these roots for the treatment of vitiligo in popular herbal medicine. Keywords Depigmentation . Furanocoumarins . Long wave ultraviolet radiation . Photochemotherapy . Skin diseases
Introduction Not only the cosmetic industry but also pharmaceutical companies are interested in new medicines for treating and preventing skin diseases, including hypopigmentation and vitiligo. Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentation disorder that affects 1–4% of the world population. Since ancient times, people with vitiligo suffered the same discrimination and isolation as lepers; vitiligo is often referred to as “white leprosy” Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-020-00078-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Frederico Severino Martins [email protected] 1
Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
2
Departamento de Estatística, Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioestatística, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
3
Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
(Handa and Dogra 2003). Frequently, the symptoms are white patches on various surfaces of the skin including around the lips and on the eyelids, cheeks, hands, and scalp. Vitiligo appears gradually before the age of 21 years; its progression can persist for the rest of life and is rarely cured without therapy. Vitiligo is evenly distributed across race, gender, and skin color. It is more apparent on people with darker skin due to a stron
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