Determination of protective effect of carob ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) extract against cobalt(II) nitrate-induced toxicity
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Determination of protective effect of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) extract against cobalt(II) nitrate-induced toxicity Oksal Macar 1 & Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar 1 & Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu 2 & Emine Yalçın 2 Received: 3 January 2020 / Accepted: 3 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cobalt (Co) is widely used in many industrial fields such as batteries and paints. Cobalt, a dangerous heavy metal, can be found in high concentrations in natural and human habitats. Although cobalt is an important micronutrient, it is toxic to living organisms when exposed to high amounts. Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a tree native to The Mediterranean region. Carob bean, which has high nutritional and economic value, is used against cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. In addition, the antioxidant properties of carob are gaining importance in recent years. In this study, the protective effects of carob extract against the toxicity of cobalt on Allium cepa L. were investigated. For this purpose, 150 mg/L and 300 mg/L carob extract solutions and 5.5 mg/kg cobalt solutions were applied to A. cepa L. bulbs. Root emergence, weight gain, root elongation, and mitotic index (MI) decreased, while the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) and micronucleus (MN) increased as a result of Co application. Furthermore, Co treatment triggered a noticeable rise in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) amount and the abnormalities in the meristematic cells. On the other hand, applications of carob extracts mitigated cobalt-induced damages in a dose-dependent manner in all parameters. Therefore, the current study showed that the strong preventive potential of carob extract against phytotoxicity and genotoxicity is caused by Co in a model plant. The protective effects of carob extract on Co-induced toxicity were demonstrated for the first time in terms of reducing genotoxicity and oxidative stress response. Keywords Allium cepa L. . Antioxidant . Chromosomal abnormality . Genotoxicity . Micronucleus . Oxidative stress
Introduction Heavy metals, which are extremely harmful to the environment, wildlife, and people, have attracted the attention of Responsible Editor: Gangrong Shi * Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar [email protected] Oksal Macar [email protected] Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu [email protected] Emine Yalçın [email protected] 1
Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
2
Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
researchers in recent years (Zaborowska et al. 2016). Cobalt (Co), a relatively rare heavy metal, is naturally present in the crust of the Earth primarily in the form of sulfides, oxides, and arsenides (Suh et al. 2016). It is important for many industries such as paint, magnetic products, and hard metal production. Nowadays, the demand for Co has increased due
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