Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of mutant yellow leaves provide insights into pigment synthesis and metabolism i
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of mutant yellow leaves provide insights into pigment synthesis and metabolism in Ginkgo biloba Yaqiong Wu1,2,3, Jing Guo1,2, Tongli Wang2, Fuliang Cao1 and Guibin Wang1*
Abstract Background: Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is an excellent landscape species. Its yellow-green leaf mutants are ideal materials for research on pigment synthesis, but the regulatory mechanism of leaf coloration in these ginkgo mutants remains unclear. Results: We compared the metabolomes and transcriptomes of green and mutant yellow leaves of ginkgo over the same period in this study. The results showed that the chlorophyll content of normal green leaves was significantly higher than that of mutant yellow leaves of ginkgo. We obtained 931.52M clean reads from different color leaves of ginkgo. A total of 283 substances in the metabolic profiles were finally detected, including 50 significantly differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). We identified these DEMs and 1361 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 37, 4, 3 and 13 DEGs involved in the photosynthesis, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, respectively. Moreover, integrative analysis of the metabolomes and transcriptomes revealed that the flavonoid pathway contained the upregulated DEM (−)-epicatechin. Fourteen DEGs from the photosynthesis pathway were positively or negatively correlated with the DEMs. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a complex metabolic network in mutant yellow leaves. This study will provide a basis for studies of leaf color variation and regulation. Keywords: Photosynthesis, Chlorophyll, Carotenoid, Differentially expressed genes
Background Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is a one of the oldest dioecious gymnosperms [1], with a history dating back to approximately 200 million years ago [2, 3]. It is an important multipurpose tree species with medicinal and ornamental value [4]. The medicinal value of ginkgo is mainly due to the secondary metabolites of this plant, such as the flavonoids and terpene lactones in its leaves * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
[5]. Research has shown that the secondary metabolites or active ingredients of ginkgo can enhance memory and have favorable therapeutic effects on neurodegenerative diseases [6]. Moreover, ginkgo trees have a beautiful crown, a unique fan-like leaf shape and brilliant leaf color and are susceptible to only a few pests and diseases. Ginkgo is an excellent landscape species, especially for its golden leaves in autumn, and has been widely planted all over the world [7]. A pigmentdeficient mutant of ginkgo, which exhibited a yellowgreen leaf phenotype on the main branch, was discovered and initially identified as a xantha mutant [8].
© The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commo
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