Microscopic study of nine galls induced in Populus nigra by aphids of the Iberian Peninsula
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Microscopic study of nine galls induced in Populus nigra by aphids of the Iberian Peninsula Rafael Álvarez1 · Víctor Moreno‑González2 · Jean Jacques Itzhak Martinez3,4 · Bruno G. Ferreira5 · Nicolas Pérez Hidalgo6,7 Received: 7 May 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae) feed on the phloem and some of them induce the formation of conspicuous galls on their primary hosts. Histological studies were proposed to elucidate the evolutionary history of galling habit in Pemphigini tribe, assessing if gall complexity indicates the phylogenetic relations among gall inducers. Nine Eriosomatinae galls induced on Populus nigra from the Iberian Peninsula were studied microscopically. The galls are induced by Pemphigini of the genera Thecabius (2 galls) and Pemphigus (7 galls). Using multiple correspondence analysis of the observed microscopic characteristics, a hierarchical cluster was obtained showing the existence of 2 groups of galls. One group consists of the 2 galls induced by Thecabius and, within the genus Pemphigus, those belonging to the subgenus Pemphigus (P. populi and P. vesicarius). The other group consists of galls of the genus Pemphigus, subgenus Pemphiginus (P. bursarius, P. immunis, P. spyrothecae, P. protospirae and P. populinigrae). The gall histological complexity is related to Pemphigini phylogeny, confirming the importance of such studies in galling aphid taxonomy and possible pathways of galling habit evolution. Similarities are established between the galls of Pemphigini aphids studied here with others we studied microscopically, induced by Fordini and Eriosomatini. Finally, a classification of all Eriosomatinae galls is proposed, establishing 3 groups: galls that cause severe malformations (induced by derived galling taxa), those that cause less severe malformations, and those that cause mild malformations (pseudogalls). It also demonstrates the importance of the strategy of waste evacuation in derived galling species. Keywords Aphids · Galls · Eriosomatinae · Pemphigini · Populus nigra · Plant histology
Introduction
Handling Editor: Heikki Hokkanen. * Rafael Álvarez [email protected] 1
Departamento de Biología Molecular‑Área de Biología Celular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental ‑Área de Zoología, Universidad de León, León, Spain
2
3
Retired Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel Hai College, 12210 Qiryat Shemona, Israel
4
Researcher Emeritus, MIGAL - Galilee Research Center, South Industry Zone, P.O.Box 831, 11016 Kiryat Shmona, Israel
Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae) that feed on the phloem sap are one of the groups of insects that cause the formation of galls (Roskam 1992; Shorthouse and Rohfritsch 1992). 5
Departamento de Botânica‑Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
6
Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), Centro Mixto, Univers
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