Suspended Solid Removal of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Horizontal Roughing Filter and Calcinated Limestone
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Suspended Solid Removal of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Horizontal Roughing Filter and Calcinated Limestone Arezoo Fereidonian Dashti & Hamidi Abdul Aziz & Ali Huddin Ibrahim & Mohammad Ali Zahed
Received: 17 December 2019 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Severe environmental pollution could occur in water bodies which serve as the discharge sites for improperly treated palm oil mill effluent (POME). This is because POME increases the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) of the water body. This issue is addressed by investigating the use of raw and calcined limestone (800 °C) in a horizontal roughing filter to eliminate SS from POME in this work. The horizontal roughing filter was designed using various sizes of limestone (4 mm, 12 mm, and 20 mm) at various filtration rates (20, 60, and 100 mL/min). In order to model the experimental design, a method achieving ideal process conditions and optimum values of process variables, central composite design (CCD), and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed. From the column study conducted, a higher SS removal (75%) was obtained at a lower flow rate A. F. Dashti (*) : H. A. Aziz : A. H. Ibrahim School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seberang Perai Selata, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]
H. A. Aziz e-mail: [email protected] A. H. Ibrahim e-mail: [email protected] M. A. Zahed Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, P.O.Box 15719-1491, Tehran, Iran e-mail: [email protected]
together with a smaller-sized (4 mm) calcined limestone (LS). The statistical analysis produced an SS removal model with considerable probability values (0.000). The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were also used to characterize the adsorption equilibrium during the removal of SS. However, the Langmuir isotherm proved to best fit the data. Keywords Adsorption . Filtration rate . Horizontal roughing filter (HRF) . Limestone (LS) . Calcinated limestone (CL)
1 Introduction Recently, there has been a considerable growth in the palm oil industry. According to FAO (2015), 33.6% of the 2013 global vegetable oil production was dominated by palm oil. Just 2 years prior, palm oil became the world’s most produced fat and oil. Nevertheless, this sector imposes a significant threat to the environment (Moreno-Peñaranda et al. 2015). Particularly, it introduces major pollutants into the waterways in Southeast Asia (Lek et al. 2018). The palm oil milling process consumes massive amounts of water (5 to 7 tons are required to process every ton of crude palm oil). However, less than half of this amount is actually used, and the rest ends up as palm oil mill effluent (POME) that is discharged into the waterways (Choong et al. 2018). POME in its raw form is made up of suspended solids (SS) mixed into a colloidal suspension. The solids contain palm fruit mesocarp debris originating, sterilizer
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condensate, hydrocyclone wastewater, and separator sludge
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