Coagulation/Flocculation of Anaerobically Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (AnPOME): A Review
Inefficiency of palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment cause considerable environmental problems including from aesthetic point of view and inhibits the growth of the desirable aquatic biota necessary for surface water self-purification. Due to its low o
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Abstract Inefficiency of palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment cause considerable environmental problems including from aesthetic point of view and inhibits the growth of the desirable aquatic biota necessary for surface water self-purification. Due to its low operating cost, anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) is widely accepted by the managers, yet the colour of treated effluent (AnPOME) turned to dark brown. In this paper, the colourants in the AnPOME and its possible treatments have been reviewed with greater emphasis was put on coagulation/flocculation method. Application of anionic polymer as pre-treatment for integrated system has been shown to be necessary for sustainable AnPOME treatment including its sludge disposal. Keywords Palm oil mill effluent
Anaerobic digestion Decolourisation
Introduction Palm oil mill industry is among major agricultural industry in Malaysia. However, the palm oil mills generate large amounts of highly polluting effluent called palm oil mill effluent (POME). Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, nitrogenous compounds, lipids, minerals, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin (Hii et al. 2012). Currently, anaerobic digestion of POME is widely accepted by the managers due to its low operating cost. Although there is A. Z. Yaser (&) S. Rosalam Chemical Engineering Programme, School of Engineering and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] B. Nurmin Civil Engineering Programme, School of Engineering and Information Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
R. Pogaku et al. (eds.), Developments in Sustainable Chemical and Bioprocess Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6208-8_1, Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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significant organic matter reduction during anaerobic digestion treatment, the colour of effluent (AnPOME) turned to dark brown (Fig. 1) (Zahrim et al. 2012) and it is also contained bioflocs, anaerobic microorganisms and macrofibrils (Ho and Tan 1989). These days, due to public’s increased consciousness, the appearance from the AnPOME becomes a great concern. Several studies [e.g. (Jakobsen et al. 2007; Fathahi 2010)] reported the occurrence of water pollution which is caused by improper treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME). The colour of the effluent might be contributed by the residual lignin (Poh et al. 2010), tannin, humic acid- and fulvic acid-like substances (Edem 2002; Kongnoo et al. 2012) as well as anaerobic fermentation by product, e.g., melanoidin (Zahrim et al. 2009; Bunrung et al. 2011). The objective of this review is to discuss the presence of colourant in AnPOME and its possible treatment by coagulation/flocculation.
Anaerobic Digestion and Colourants Generally, anaerobic digestion mechanism consists of several ‘‘stages’’: (1) hydrolysis, (2) fermentation (acidogenesis) and (3) methanogenesis (Metcalf and Eddy 2004). During hydrolys
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