Modulation of Gut Flora and Its Application in Food Animal Products
Modulation of the gut microbiota with feed and/or feed additives has become a promising and important strategy for the improvement of animal/human health and performance in recent years. Indeed, host genetics, age, infection/inflammation, exposure to anti
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ntroduction Gut microbiota has become one of the most important factors influencing animal health. Balanced intestinal microbiota enhances the resistance to infection. On the other hand, reduction in resistance is noticeable when the intestinal microbiota is disturbed; so, balancing of gut microbiota is important for host health (Belkaid and Hand 2014). Although the constituents of balanced and disturbed intestinal populations are not clear, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria species seem to be sensitive to stress and these populations tend to decrease when an animal is under stress (Conlon and Bird 2014). Bioactive compounds including plant by-products, prebiotics and/or probiotics, and animal-derived products have roles in the promotion of health through anti- inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and vasodilatory along with other beneficial properties (Boivin et al. 2007; Tzounis et al. 2011; Salaheen et al. 2014a, 2015, 2017). The mechanisms of these beneficiary activities have not yet been elucidated, but one of the possibilities is the modulation of gut/intestinal Z. Tabashsum Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA V. Nagarajan Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA D. Biswas (*) Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 D. Biswas, S.O. Rahaman (eds.), Gut Microbiome and Its Impact on Health and Diseases, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47384-6_12
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microbiota (Hernández et al. 2004). Again, observational and epidemiological studies indicated differences in the microbial communities of the ceca of conventional animals to their organic counterparts (Torok et al. 2011; Mancabelli et al. 2016). Neutral effects of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on germ-free animals indicated the importance of AGP-dependent gut microbiota modulation on growth promotion in animals (Turnbaugh et al. 2006). The association of two dominant bacterial phyla, the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes with weight gain, was supported by other subsequent studies (Mancabelli et al. 2016; Singh et al. 2013). Again, one report showed an increased abundance of Lactobacillus spp., Clostridiales, and Enterobacteriaceae in the chicken gut when they were fed with AGP (Gong et al. 2008). In addition, an association between the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio, weight gain of farm animals, and the therapeutic role of various products was reported (Singh et al. 2013). Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) products (oligofructose, and inulin), trans- galactooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, glycooligosacchriades, lactulose, lactitol, maltooligosaccharides, xylo-oligosaccharides, stachyose, raffinose, and sucrose the
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