Molecular and cellular responses to short exposure to bisphenols A, F, and S and eluates of microplastics in C. elegans
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Molecular and cellular responses to short exposure to bisphenols A, F, and S and eluates of microplastics in C. elegans Graziella Ficociello 1 & Valentina Gerardi 1 & Daniela Uccelletti 1
&
Andrea Setini 1
Received: 16 April 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) have been developed as an alternative to bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known endocrine disruptor, leading to their detection in the aquatic environment. In this work, we used the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans to improve our understanding of their potential effects on the biota and the environment. Our findings demonstrated that, after 24 h exposure, all the bisphenols examined increased the number of apoptotic corpses and the expression of the detoxifying enzymes SOD-3 and GST-4, without affecting the ROS levels, while BPA and BPS significantly enhanced DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, similarly to BPA, BPF and BPS did not alter the lifespan through the activation of SEK-1 and SKN-1 pathways. Thus, this study raises the attention of the risks associated with exposure to BPA alternatives. We also examined the effects of microplastic (MP) eluates on C. elegans. Aqueous extracts of weathered microplastic samples, both at high and low degradation state and pellets, have been evaluated for their effects on lifespan, DNA fragmentation, germline apoptosis, and oxidative stress response. Overall, our findings showed that eluates of low degraded plastics exert a greater toxic effect on the nematode C. elegans compared with the aqueous sample of high degraded plastic fragments and pellets. Keywords Caenorhabditis elegans . Bisphenols . Microplastics . Ecotoxicology . DNA damage . Oxidative stress . Water elution . Microplastic degradation
Introduction The use of bisphenol A (BPA) as an additive in plastic production has recently been prohibited by European legislation, USA, and Canada (Directive 2011/8/EU, 2011; US Federal Register 2012; Canada Gazette 2010). However, the industry has reacted with the usage of its analogs (i.e., BPS and BPF). Since these analogs are structurally similar to BPA, it is easy to predict that they may have toxicological and endocrine disruptive effects on biological systems as the original molecule (Chen et al. 2016; Siracusa et al. 2018). Indeed, these Responsible editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10498-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Daniela Uccelletti [email protected] 1
Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 1, 00185 Rome, Italy
alternative forms have already been detected in various environmental compartments as sediments and surface freshwater, as well as in several animals in the form of bioaccumulation (Wang et al. 2017a, b), and their effect is equal to if not greater than that o
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