Phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Pseudomonas syringae strains associated with canker disease on
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Phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Pseudomonas syringae strains associated with canker disease on apricot in Iran within the context of the global genetic diversity of the P. syringae complex Yalda Vasebi & Reza Khakvar & Long Tian & Peter Moubarak & Franco Valentini & Alexandra J. Weisberg & Boris A. Vinatzer Accepted: 17 August 2020 # Koninklijke Nederlandse Planteziektenkundige Vereniging 2020
Abstract Bacterial canker of stone fruit is a destructive disease of Prunus species. Here we characterized five Pseudomonas syringae (Ps) strains isolated from bacterial cankers of stone fruits in East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Koch’s postulates were performed demonstrating pathogenicity on apricot cuttings. Ice-nucleation activity and syringomycin synthesis were determined phenotypically and confirmed molecularly in all five strains. Strains were variably resistant to copper. The strains were then compared to a sample of 227 strains of the Ps species complex using multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of the four housekeeping genes gap1, gltA, gyrB, and rpoD. The concatenated sequences of the four
genes provided a deeply-resolved phylogeny. Iranian strains all belonged to Ps phylogroup 2 but clustered into three separate sub-groups. They had the greatest similarity to strains isolated from stone fruit trees in the USA, UK, and Lebanon but also to strains isolated from other plant species and the water cycle. We conclude that canker of stone fruit is caused by a diverse group of Ps phylogroup 2 strains with global distribution. Further sampling, host range testing, and genome sequencing will be needed to get further insight into the relative role of the water cycle and other modes of long distance movement in the dissemination of Ps strains that cause bacterial canker of stone fruit.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02101-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords Canker of stone fruit . Pseudomonas syringae . MLSA . inaZ . syrB
Y. Vasebi (*) : R. Khakvar Plant Protection Department Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran e-mail: [email protected]
: B. A. Vinatzer
L. Tian School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA P. Moubarak : F. Valentini CIHEAM-IAM Bari, Valenzano, BA, Italy P. Moubarak : F. Valentini Tuscia University, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy A. J. Weisberg Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
Introduction Strains in the Pseudomonas syringae (Ps) species complex cause disease in over 180 plant species belonging to both mono- and di-cotyledons plants including fruit trees, vegetables, ornamentals, and other annual and perennial species (Bradbury 1986; Gardan et al. 1999; Young et al. 1996;). The Ps species complex is currently divided into at least 64 different pathovars based on host range, nine genomospecies based on genomic similarity, and 23 major clades within
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