Molecular investigation of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains isolated from wastewater streams in Pakistan
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Molecular investigation of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains isolated from wastewater streams in Pakistan Saima Saima1 · Marium Fiaz1 · Maria Manzoor1 · Rabeea Zafar1,2 · Iftikhar Ahmed3 · Uzma Nawaz4 · Muhammad Arshad1 Received: 24 April 2020 / Accepted: 25 July 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract Antibiotic resistance is a global public health issue and it is even more daunting in developing countries. The main objective of present study was to investigate molecular responses of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The 48 bacterial strains, which were previously isolated and identified were subjected to disc diffusion and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) determination, followed by investigating the production of the three beta-lactamases (ESBLs (Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamases), MBLs (Metallo Beta-lactamases), AmpCs) and exploring prevalence of the two antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs); blaTEM and qnrS. Higher MIC values were observed for penicillin(s) than that for fluoroquinolones (ampicillin > amoxicillin > ofloxacin > ciprofloxacin > levofloxacin). Resistance rates were high (58–89%) for all of the tested beta-lactams. Among the tested strains, 5 were ESBL producers (4 Aeromonas spp. and 1 Escherichia sp.), 2 were MBL producers (1 Stenotrophomonas sp. and 1 Citrobacter sp.) and 3 were AmpC producers (2 Pseudomonas spp. and 1 Morganella sp.). The ARGs qnrS2 and blaTEM were detected in Aeromonas spp. and Escherichia sp. The results highlighted the role of Aeromonas as a vector. The study reports bacteria of multidrug resistance nature in the wastewater environment of Pakistan, which harbor ARGs of clinical relevance and could present a public health concern. Keywords Antibiotic resistance · Antibiotic resistance genes · Beta-lactamases · Resistant bacteria · Wastewater
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02366-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Muhammad Arshad [email protected] Saima Saima [email protected] Marium Fiaz [email protected] Maria Manzoor [email protected] Rabeea Zafar [email protected] Iftikhar Ahmed [email protected]
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics by humans, veterinary field, aquaculture and agriculture are causing development and spread of antibiotic resistance in environment throughout the world (French 2005; Saima et al. 2020). Pakistan 1
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
2
Department of Environmental Design, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
3
National Culture Collection of Pakistan (NCCP), Bioresource Conservation Institute (BCI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
4
De
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