Molecular Mechanism of Helicobacter pylori -Induced Gastric Cancer
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Molecular Mechanism of Helicobacter pylori-Induced Gastric Cancer Majid Alipour 1 Accepted: 9 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Introduction Various types of cancers threaten human life. The role of bacteria in causing cancer is controversial, but it has been determined that the Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the identified risk factors for gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent, and about half of the world,s population is infected with it. Objective The aim of this study was the role of Helicobacter pylori in the development of gastric cancer. Method We obtained information from previously published articles. Results and Conclusion The bacterium has various virulence factors, including cytotoxin- associated gene A, vacuolating cytotoxin A, and the different outer membrane proteins that cause cancer by different mechanisms. These virulence factors activate cell signaling pathways such as PI3-kinase/Akt, JAK/STAT and Ras, Raf, and ERK signaling that control cell proliferation. Uncontrolled proliferation can lead to cancer. Keywords Helicobacter pylori . Gastric cancer . Cytotoxin-associated gene A . Vacuolating cytotoxin A
Introduction Cancer can ensue from the unusual proliferation of any of the different types of cells in the body [1]. Tumors can be benign or malignant. A benign tumor is a mass that is incapable of invading neighboring cells or metastasize, but the malignant tumor can spread to other tissues and organs (metastasis); thus, it is cancerous [2]. The development of malignancy is a multistep process, and many agents, including radiation, chemicals, bacteria, and viruses, have been found to cause cancer [3–5]. Most carcinogens such as radiation and chemical carcinogens operate by damaging DNA and causing mutations [6]. Tumor promoters increase cancer development by stimulating cellular proliferation. The cell proliferation leads to mutations that occur during normal DNA replication [7]. Examples of tumor promoters are estrogen hormone, infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria, and chemical agents such as tobacco [8]. In both sexes worldwide, lung cancer and female breast cancer are the most common cancer (11.6% of the total cases) followed by prostate cancer (7.1%), colorectal cancer (6.1%), and nonmelanoma of skin (5.8%), stomach (5.7%), and lip and oral cavity (2%) for
* Majid Alipour [email protected] 1
Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran
incidence [9]. Approximately 15–20% of human cancers are caused by cancer-causing viruses [10]. Although the role of bacteria in causing cancer is controversial, studies have shown that some bacteria play a role in the development of cancer [11]. The association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and the development of gastric cancer has been well studied [12]. In developing countries, 70 to 90% of people carry H. pylori before the age of 10 years old, but in developed coun
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