Multifarious Elicitors: Invoking Biosynthesis of Various Bioactive Secondary Metabolite in Fungi
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Multifarious Elicitors: Invoking Biosynthesis of Various Bioactive Secondary Metabolite in Fungi Preeti Bharatiya 1
& Pooja Rathod
1
& Aishwarya Hiray
1
& Abhijeet S. Kate
1
Received: 11 June 2020 / Accepted: 11 September 2020/ # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Natural products are considered to be the lifeline treatment for several diseases where their structural complexity makes them a source of potential lead molecules. As a producer of antibiotics, food colorants, enzymes, and nutritious food, fungi are beneficial to humans. Fungi, as a source of novel natural products, draw attention of scientists. However, redundant isolation of metabolite retards the rate of discovery. So, apart from the standard conditions for the production of secondary metabolites, certain induction strategies are used to trigger biosynthetic genes in fungi. Advancement in the computational tools helps in connecting gene clusters and their metabolite production. Therefore, modern analytical tools and the genomic era in hand leads to the identification of manifold of cryptic metabolites. The cryptic biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) has become a treasure hunt for new metabolites representing biosynthetic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and other factors. This review includes the use of chemical inducers/ epigenetic modifiers and co-culture (species interaction) techniques to induce these BGCs. Furthermore, it cites a detailed representation of molecules isolated using these strategies. Since the induction occurs on the genomic molecular DNA and histones, this together brings a significant exploration of the biosynthetic pathways.
Keywords Biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) . Cryptic secondary metabolite . Co-culture . Chemical inducers . Epigenetic modifiers . Epigenetic perturbation
Preeti Bharatiya, Pooja Rathod and Aishwarya Hiray contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-02003423-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
* Abhijeet S. Kate [email protected]; [email protected]
1
Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355 Gujarat, India
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Introduction Fungi are fascinating species in terms of morphology and chemical diversity. Especially, Aspergillus nidulans, Thermomyces lanuginosus thrive in extreme habitats and have gradually developed survival strategies to grow and reproduce under such harsh conditions. This phenomenon leads to the production of small organic molecules with specific biological activities. The fungi proved to be good potential candidates for the isolation of new biologically active compounds due to its diverse pharmacological activities and many
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