Multimineral nutritional supplements in a nano-CaO matrix

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Florentine M. Hilty ETH Zurich, Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and ETH Zurich, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland

Frank Krumeich ETH Zurich, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland

Michael B. Zimmermann ETH Zurich, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland

Sotiris E. Pratsinisa) ETH Zurich, Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland (Received 14 November 2012; accepted 8 March 2013)

The fast dissolution of certain calcium-containing compounds makes them attractive carriers for trace minerals in nutritional applications, e.g., iron and zinc to alleviate mineral deficiencies in affected people. Here, CaO-based nanostructured mixed oxides containing nutritionally relevant amounts of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were produced by one-step flame spray pyrolysis. The compounds were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, x-ray diffraction, (scanning) transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Dissolution in dilute acid (i.d.a.) was measured as an indicator of their in vivo bioavailability. High contents of calcium resulted in matrix encapsulation of iron and zinc preventing formation of poorly soluble oxides. For 3.6 # Ca:Fe # 10.8, Ca2Fe2O5 coexisted with CaO. For Ca/Zn compounds, no mixed oxides were obtained, indicating that the Ca/Zn composition can be tuned without affecting their solubility i.d.a. Aging under ambient conditions up to 225 days transformed CaO to CaCO3 without affecting iron solubility i.d.a. Furthermore, Cu and Mn could be readily incorporated in the nanostructured CaO matrix. All such compounds dissolved rapidly and completely i.d.a., suggesting good in vivo bioavailability.

I. INTRODUCTION

Iron deficiency (ID) affects over 2 billion people worldwide1 and is among 10 leading global risk factors for disease, disability, and death.2 The WHO estimates that 39–52% of women and children in developing countries are anemic,2 with half of the anemia from ID.3 The latter is also common in industrialized countries: in the UK, 21% and 18% of 11–18 years-old and 16–64 years-old females, respectively, are iron deficient,4 and in the US, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affects up to 27% of pregnant women.5 The high prevalence of ID has a substantial negative impact on health and economic prosperity.3 IDA increases risk for maternal death, low birth weight, and infant mortality,3 while in adults, physical work capacity is reduced.6 a)

Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2013.63 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 28, No. 8, Apr 28, 2013

http://journals.cambridge.org

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