Multipath routing through the firefly algorithm and fuzzy logic in wireless sensor networks
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Multipath routing through the firefly algorithm and fuzzy logic in wireless sensor networks Amir Nader Shahbaz1 · Hamid Barati1
· Ali Barati1
Received: 7 April 2020 / Accepted: 17 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Routing is one of the major challenges in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Unbalanced energy consumption in the routing process of data packets is one of the main issues in WSNs. The issue needs consideration, because the energy level of sensor nodes is limited. Multipath routing methods reduce energy consumption, improve scalability and provide load balancing in WSNs. In this study, we suggested a multipath routing method for homogeneous WSNs. The proposed method includes 3 phases: clustering the network nodes, discovering the paths between CHs, and maintaining the paths. In the first phase, wireless sensor network is clustered through the firefly algorithm. In the second phase, routing is performed between CHs based on the fuzzy logic. Routing between CHs results in creating 2 paths: primary path and backup path. CHs transmit data packets to the base station through the primary paths; however, failures in primary paths cause CHs to employ backup paths. In the third phase, the paths are maintained so that path breakages cause to restart route discovery. The results of the simulation reveal that the proposed multipath routing outperforms other routing methods in end-to-end delay, energy consumption, packet loss rate, and network lifetime. Keywords Wireless sensor networks · Multipath routing · Firefly algorithm · Fuzzy logic · Scalability
1 Introduction WSNs are composed of several sensor nodes, and a large number of them have been developed in far and inaccessible regions [1]. Sensor nodes are used for collecting data. Wireless radio interferences make a connection between nodes and link them to the base station as well [2, 3]. In fact, the nodes transmit the data, gathered from the environment, to the base station in a single-hop or multi-hop manner [4]. Sensor nodes are capable of doing a wide range of tasks. In other words, simple nodes might just monitor physical phenomena while complicated ones can combine various
Hamid Barati
[email protected] Amir Nader Shahbaz [email protected] Ali Barati [email protected] 1
Department of Computer Engineering, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran
sense methods including acoustic, optical, and magnetic to gather data [5]. WSNs have different applications in the Internet of things (IoT), healthcare, monitoring the environment, agriculture, military, etc [6]. In comparison with traditional networks, WSNs are particular networks, having several limitations including limited resources, lack of central management, unsafe communications, etc [7]. Thus, applying traditional routing methods for these networks is not recommended [8, 9]. Recently, various routing methods have been suggested to reduce energy consumption and improve the performance of networks. Energy-aware routing between
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