Multivariate analysis of activated sludge community in full-scale wastewater treatment plants
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Multivariate analysis of activated sludge community in full-scale wastewater treatment plants Mateusz Sobczyk 1
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Agnieszka Pajdak-Stós 1 & Edyta Fiałkowska 1 & Łukasz Sobczyk 1 & Janusz Fyda 1
Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract We investigated changes in protozoa and metazoa community in relation to process parameters in activated sludge from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) throughout the period of 1 year. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that activated sludge from investigated treatment plants had different dominating species representatives and community composition mainly depends on individual features of the treatment plants. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the temperature in bioreactors was the most relevant factor explaining changes in the microorganism community, whereas reduction rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), suspended solids (SS), and total nitrogen (TN) did not sufficiently explain the variation in protozoa and metazoan community composition. The results indicate that in stable working WWTP it is difficult to find a pronounced link between activated sludge species composition, process parameters, and plant configuration. Applied multivariate analysis can be a valuable tool for the exploration of the relations between community composition and WWTP process parameters. Keywords Activated sludge . Protozoa . Metazoa . Process parameters . PCA . RDA
Introduction Curds and Cockburn (1970) were probably the first researchers who used the protozoa community as bioindicators of effluent quality of activated sludge system plants. Later, many attempts were made to relate the physical– chemical parameters of effluent or activated sludge with the present species of ciliates and other protozoa (Morishita 1976; Madoni and Ghetti 1981; Al-Shahwani and Horan 1991; Esteban et al. 1991; Salvadó et al. 1995; Perez-Uz et al. 2010; Hu et al. 2013a). The general conclusion from these researches indicates that each wastewater treatment plant
Responsible Editor: Diane Purchase Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10684-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mateusz Sobczyk [email protected] 1
Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
(WWTP) develops its own distinctive protozoan community which depends on the specific features of the plant itself (Seviour and Nielsen 2010) and no general and clear pattern exists. Attempt to explain this phenomenon was described by Salvadó et al. (1995), but statistical analyses used to relate physical–chemical parameters and protozoa showed that relation between various physical–chemical parameters and a particular species does not follow a linear model. Long-term monitoring of the protozoa and metazoa community inhabiting activated sludge has already been conducted by scientists in s
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