Nanostructures and nanomechanical properties of ion-irradiated HOPG
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Carbon Letters https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-020-00183-5
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Nanostructures and nanomechanical properties of ion‑irradiated HOPG Yuying Zhou1,2 · Ying Wang3 · Qiantao Lei1 · Qing Huang1 · Wei Zhang1 · Long Yan1 Received: 9 June 2020 / Revised: 19 August 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 © Korean Carbon Society 2020
Abstract Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) was half covered using aluminum foil and exposed to irradiation with 70 keV C+ ions at room temperature (~ 25 ℃). The surface layer (height = 178.3 ± 4.7 nm) of the irradiated area was destroyed, many nano-sized dendritic protrusions were observed and smooth inner layer was exposed. The peak area ratio (ID/IG) in Raman spectra increased after ion irradiation, indicating that a change in atomic structure and transformation from the s p2 to s p3 phase. The mechanical properties were explored using atomic force microscopy in peakforce mode, which revealed that the Young’s modulus of the exposed inner layer was similar to unirradiated area, while the Young’s modulus of the dendritic protrusions was higher. There findings provided further understanding of the HOPG at nanoscale, which is of value for practical implementation in related fields. Keywords HOPG · Ion irradiation · AFM · Young’s modulus
1 Introduction Due to the excellent mechanical, physical, chemical and electrical properties, graphite is widely used in various scientific fields, where practical applications include in fuel cell materials [1, 2], shields and electrodes in ion implantation [3, 4], refractory material [5, 6], electrochemical supercapacitor materials [7, 8], nuclear reactor structural material [9, 10], et al. The effect of irradiation on graphite has become an important issue due to its wide applications of graphitic materials in thermonuclear devices, nuclear reactor, diffraction analyzers and X-ray spectrometers.
* Ying Wang [email protected] * Long Yan [email protected] 1
Center for Thorium Molten Salt Reactor System, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3
Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) offers the highest degree of three-dimensional ordering and the carbon atoms arranged in parallel layers. The physical properties of HOPG are similar to the natural mineral graphite, which has attracted great attention from researchers and scientists [11, 12]. A large amount of research has focused on the effects of ion irradiation on the properties of HOPG [13–16]. Hillocks have been observed on the surface of HOPG after ion irradiation, where the height of the structures were in the nanometer range and the quantity was correlated with the number of the implanted ions [17, 18]. The transition from graphite to amorphous carbon, which is a mixture of sp3 and sp2 phase, always exists near the l
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