NaOH-Activated Betel Nut Husk Hydrochar for Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye
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NaOH-Activated Betel Nut Husk Hydrochar for Efficient Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye Mumtahina Tabassum & Mondira Bardhan & Tamanna Mamun Novera & Md. Atikul Islam Hadi Jawad & Md. Azharul Islam
&
Ali
Received: 18 May 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract In this study, betel nut husk (BNH) was used to produce activated hydrochar using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Activated BNH hydrochar (BNH-HAC) served as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) adsorption. The produced BNH-HAC was characterized by identifying its textural, morphological, and chemical properties. Batch equilibrium method was conducted to examine the factors that influenced MB adsorption by the BNH-HAC including initial concentration, contact time, solution pH, and temperature. The attained BNH-HAC revealed the BET surface area of 517.60 m2g−1 and mean pore diameter of 25.13 nm. The experimental data can be better characterized with the Freundlich isotherm model than the Langmuir isotherm model where, the maximum adsorption capacities attained were 324.4, 387.4, and 429.6 mg/g at 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C, respectively, of BNH-HAC. Adsorption process regarding the BNHHAC was regulated by film diffusion model, and its thermodynamic data revealed that the adsorption process is endothermic in character, and kinetic data better suited the pseudo-second order than the pseudo-first order M. Tabassum : M. Bardhan : T. M. Novera : M. A. Islam Environmental Science Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh A. Hadi Jawad Faculty of Applied Sciences, University Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia M. A. Islam (*) Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh e-mail: [email protected]
model. The study findings confirmed that BNH-HAC can be an efficiently advanced adsorbent for the adsorption of MB. Keywords Betel nut husk . Hydrochar . Chemical activation . Adsorption
1 Introduction Betel nut (Areca catechu), a chewing fruit, is popular in Bangladesh. The average yield per acre is 3.45 m tons, and total annual production is approximately 26,500 m tons (Banglapedia 2020). So, naturally, there is a large amount of husk from the betel nut that requires management and remediation attention. Thermochemical modification or conversion process can significantly improve the adsorption capacity of the agricultural waste materials for wastewater treatment (Ramesh et al. 2019). If activation of the betel nut husk (BNH) increases the porosity, it may efficiently adsorb the dyes released from various industries as there are more than 100,000 commercially available dyes, and more than 7 × 105 tons are generated annually (Crini 2006). Added to this, human and aquatic system can be affected massively by these dyes (Li et al. 2019). Methylene blue (MB) is one such dye, and it is a cationic dye that causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and damages the eyes (Hernandes et al. 2019). Therefore, dye removal has become critically important but a difficult task for waste
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