Novel Porous Barium Titanate/Nano-bioactive Glass Composite with High Piezoelectric Coefficient for Bone Regeneration Ap
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JMEPEG https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05016-0
Novel Porous Barium Titanate/Nano-bioactive Glass Composite with High Piezoelectric Coefficient for Bone Regeneration Applications Babak Saeidi, Mohammad Reza Derakhshandeh, Mehdi Delshad Chermahini, and Ali Doostmohammadi (Submitted April 24, 2020; in revised form June 14, 2020) Recently, porous bioceramics are widely used in bone tissue engineering in order to the regeneration of damaged tissues. Piezoelectric effect in bone plays a very important role in bone regeneration. Therefore, the purpose of this study was the fabrication of porous barium titanate (BT)/nanobioglass (nBG) scaffold (vol.% BT = 75% and 90%) with high piezoelectric coefficient by freeze casting technique. For this purpose, BT and nBG powders were synthesized using solid-state and sol–gel methods, respectively. Partial recrystallization of nBG phase during sintering process occurred. The highly oriented lamellar microstructure of the fabricated BT90/nBG10 scaffold with open/interconnected porosities observed. The BT75/nBG25 composite scaffold exhibited higher value of density (1.18 ± 0.1 g/cm3) and lower amount of porosities (77 ± 1%) compared to the BT90/nBG10 scaffold (0.99 ± 0.1 g/cm3 and 82 ± 1%). The piezoelectric coefficients of the BT90/nBG10 and BT75/nBG25 composite scaffolds obtained 36 pC/N and 24 pC/N which were much higher than that of the natural human bone. The BT75/nBG25 scaffold showed more compressive strength (16.9 ± 1.1 MPa) than that of BT90/nBG10 composite scaffold (8.1 ± 0.3 MPa). The MTT results after 24, 72 and 168 h of culture showed that both composites had acceptable cell viability and cells were able to adhere, proliferate and migrate into pores of the scaffolds. Furthermore, cell density and adhesion were little bit higher in the BT75/nBG25 composite. These results indicated that highly porous barium titanate scaffolds have great potential in tissue engineering applications for bone tissue repair and regeneration. Keywords
barium titanate, nano-bioactive glass, piezoelectric, scaffold
1. Introduction Porous bioceramics namely scaffolds are widely used in bone tissue engineering in order to the regeneration of damaged tissues due to their low solubility, chemical inertness and higher biocompatibility compared to metallic implants (Ref 1-3). These structures containing interconnected micro- or macroporosities facilitating osseointegration and formation of connective tissue in the bone/implant interface especially for bioactive ceramics (Ref 4). Porosity characteristics play an important role in bone regeneration. The amount of interconnected porosities, morphology and orientation strongly affects cell penetration in porous ceramics and consequently bone formation (Ref 5). However, it should be noted that large size of porosities and high amount of porosities make the mechanical strength unsuitable for biomedical applications (Ref 6). It has Babak Saeidi and Mehdi Delshad Chermahini, Faculty of Engineering, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran; Mohammad Reza Derakh
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