Nutrition and Diabetes in the Context of Inflammaging
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NUTRITION, OBESITY, AND DIABETES (SML RIBEIRO, SECTION EDITOR)
Nutrition and Diabetes in the Context of Inflammaging Sandra Maria Lima Ribeiro 1,2
&
S. S. M. Fernandez 1 & M. M. Rogero 1
Accepted: 26 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review To update the concepts of inflammaging and the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); to summarize some related nutritional aspects. Recent Findings Inflammaging is a complex network of aging-related changes, which are associated with immunosenescence and metainflammation (the inflammation originated outside the immune system which may include the gut environment, adipose tissue, or self-molecules generated in different types of cells). The inflammatory status increases insulin resistance and, consequently, the risk of T2DM. Dietary patterns, including foods, nutrients, and bioactive compounds, can modulate inflammatory pathways and may contribute positively or negatively to inflammatory status and prevention or management to T2DM. Some examples of these dietary components are fatty acids, phytochemicals, salt, carbohydrates, among others. Studies aiming at caloric restriction (caloric restriction per se [CR] or intermittent fasting [IR]) have shown promising results. However, they need precaution when applied to older adults. Summary Dietary intervention on inflammaging and T2DM still deserves further studies related to its application in clinical practice. Clinical and epidemiological investigations of diet, its association with inflammaging, and T2DM should integrate different omic approaches in order to understand these complex relationships. Keywords Inflammaging . Immunosenescence . Metainflammation . T2DM . Nutrition
Introduction Throughout life, we are regularly exposed to different biological, chemicals, or self-antigens [1, 2, 3••]. As we age, the immune system can reduce or even lose the resilience to overcome these stressors, which parallels the development of a state of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation (LGSI), also called inflammaging [4]. It is known that different bodily systems are involved in this status as a result of complex changes, such as immunosenescence, together with metainflammation. The LGSI, alongside genetics and
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Nutrition, Obesity, and Diabetes * Sandra Maria Lima Ribeiro [email protected] 1
Department of Nutrition, Public Health School, University of São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil
2
School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Rua Arlindo Béttio, 1000, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
environmental factors, may influence the occurrence and complication of several aging-related outcomes [1, 4]. The main characteristic of inflammaging is increased plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, indicated as being centered on macrophages [1]. The inflammatory environment can induce metabolic disorders related to insulin resistance, namely, glu
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