Nutritional Enhancement of Chicken Feather Waste by Bacillus aerius NSMk2
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Nutritional Enhancement of Chicken Feather Waste by Bacillus aerius NSMk2 Ranjeeta Bhari1
•
Manpreet Kaur1 • Ram Sarup Singh1
Received: 6 December 2019 / Accepted: 26 June 2020 Association of Microbiologists of India 2020
Abstract Keratinous waste is the bulk by-product of various livestock industries. Slow natural degradation of keratin and less efficient chemical hydrolysis imposes challenge for the search of alternative recycling methods. Keratin degrading microbes hydrolyse keratin to soluble peptides and amino acids. Bacillus aerius NSMk2 showed great potential for hydrolysis of chicken feather waste. Bacillus aerius NSMk2 cells grown in phosphate buffer supplemented with chicken feathers showed high disulfide reductase activity and release of sulfhydryl groups. The release of proteins and amino acids were statistically optimized at varied pH (4.0–11.0), temperature (30.0–45.0 C) and agitation (100–250 rpm), and maximum release was recorded at pH 7.5, temperature 37 C and shaking (175 rpm). FTIR and SEM showed sulfitolysis and extensive keratinolysis of feathers resulting in complete hydrolysis of white chicken feathers after 84 h. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry confirmed the release of low molecular weight peptides in the range of 399 to 3289.4 m/z. The present study demonstrates management of otherwise hard-to-degrade keratinous waste and simultaneous nutritional enhancement of waste chicken feathers to value-added hydrolysate that can be used in livestock feed formulations or biofertilizer in agro-industry.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-020-00897-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Ranjeeta Bhari [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, 147002 Patiala, Punjab, India
Keywords Bacillus aerius NSMk2 Sulfitolysis Proteolysis Soluble peptides Amino acids Nutritional enhancement
Introduction Poultry industries produce enormous amount of recalcitrant waste in the form of chicken feathers every year and are considered menace in terms of solid waste pollution [1]. Feathers contain 80–90% protein on dry mass basis representing 19% nitrogen, 19 kinds of amino acids and other minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, trace elements and other growth factors [2]. Abundance of protein provides an excellent opportunity for the degradation of waste feathers to high-value, cost effective and renewable source of protein and amino acids for use as livestock food and feed supplements. However, insoluble and resilient keratin present in the supercoiled and complex structure of chicken feathers is highly resistant and cannot be easily degraded [3]. Physicochemical treatments employing high temperature, pressure and chemicals (acid, alkali, dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethyl formamide) have been used alone or in combination to convert poorly digestible feather protein to highly
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