Pretreatment of Chicken Feather Waste for Improved Biogas Production
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Pretreatment of Chicken Feather Waste for Improved Biogas Production Gergely Forgács & Magnus Lundin & Mohammad J. Taherzadeh & Ilona Sárvári Horváth
Received: 7 September 2012 / Accepted: 14 January 2013 / Published online: 29 January 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract This study deals with the utilization of chicken feather waste as a substrate for anaerobic digestion and improving biogas production by degradation of the compact structure of the feather keratin. In order to increase the digestibility of the feather, different pretreatments were investigated, including thermal pretreatment at 120 °C for 10 min, enzymatic hydrolysis with an alkaline endopeptidase [0.53–2.66 mL/g volatile solids (VS) feathers] for 0, 2, or 24 h at 55 °C, as well as a combination of these pretreatments. The effects of the treatments were then evaluated by anaerobic batch digestion assays at 55 °C. The enzymatic pretreatment increased the methane yield to 0.40 Nm3/kg VSadded, which is 122 % improvement compared to the yield of the untreated feathers. The other treatment conditions were less effective, increasing the methane yield by 11–50 %. The long-term effects of anaerobic digestion of feathers were examined by co-digestion of the feather with organic fraction of municipal solid waste performed with and without the addition of enzyme. When enzyme was added together with the feed, CH4 yield of 0.485 Nm3/kg VS−1 d−1 was achieved together with a stable reactor performance, while in the control reactor, a decrease in methane production, together with accumulation of undegraded feather, was observed. Keywords Anaerobic digestion . Feather waste . Pretreatment . Municipal solid waste . Co-digestion
Introduction According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the consumption of chicken meat had exceeded 86 million tons in 2010 [1]. Feather represents 5–7 % of the G. Forgács : M. Lundin : M. J. Taherzadeh : I. Sárvári Horváth School of Engineering, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden G. Forgács (*) Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden e-mail: [email protected]
Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2013) 169:2016–2028
2017
body weight of domestic fowl; therefore, the generation of chicken feather waste can be estimated to be around 5 million tons every year [2]. However, the utilization of feather waste in the European Union will be more challenging in the future because of legislations restricting both its use as animal feed as well as its disposal [3, 4]. On other hand, anaerobic digestion can be a suitable alternative for treating the waste. The digestion is usually carried out by mesophilic or thermophilic bacteria. This process at thermophilic conditions has an extra bonus of destroying the pathogens, which might be present in the feather waste [5]. Feather is composed of 90–92 % protein (keratin) and 1–8 % lipids [6, 7], leading to a relatively high theoretical methane yield of 0.5 Nm3/kg volatile solids (VS) [8].
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