Omics for proso millet genetic improvement
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Omics for proso millet genetic improvement Rituraj Khound1 · Dipak K. Santra1 Received: 10 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 © Archana Sharma Foundation of Calcutta 2020
Abstract Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is one of the seven commonly cultivated millets. It is regarded as a climate-smart, ancient, and gluten-free and therefore, is healthy to humans and the environment. The exceptional nutritional properties of the grain resulted in a gradual surge in its demand in the human food market especially for people with diabetes and celiac disease. It is essential to continue the genetic improvement of proso millet to meet its ever-increasing demand. Genetic improvement of proso millet in the United States, however, is impeded by the narrow genetic base in the germplasm and lack of extensive research on its genetics and breeding. There are lots of reports on ‘omics’ (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics) of many common crops and the technologies are being extensively used in their genetic improvement. However, such studies are scarce in proso millet. The objective of this review article is to summarize available ‘omics’ reports of proso millet and discuss their relevance for its genetic improvement. Relatively more genomics and transcriptomics reports of proso millet are available but only two proteomics and metabolomics reports focusing on grain composition and no phenomics report are available. As more efficient, fast, and cheaper ‘omics’ technologies are available, it is imperative that global proso and other millets breeders and geneticists collaborate strongly for successful utilization of ‘milletomics’ for developing of noble proso millet varieties for future need of this climate-smart superfood grain. Keywords Ancient grain · Climate-smart · Omics · Small millet · Genetic improvement · Underutilized crops
Introduction Millets are small-seeded annual cereal grown for food, feed, and forage. Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is one of the seven commonly cultivated millets. Other six are pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R.Br.), finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.), foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauvois), little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) and barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz) [11]. Proso millet, one of the earliest domesticated crops, was reported to be originated in 10,000 BC in semiarid regions of northern China [26, 40]. It is a shallow-rooted, short-season crop with high water-use efficiency, making it suitable for cultivation in hot and dry environments in Corresponding Editor : Manoj Prasad. * Dipak K. Santra [email protected] 1
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Panhandle Research and Extension Center, 4502 Avenue I, Scottsbluff, NE 69361, USA
the world [18, 21, 41]. It has the shortest growing season (60–90 days) among all cereals which makes it tolerant to drought stress [17, 26]. It can produce significantly higher yields on marginal
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