Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Oil from Canola Seeds with the Use of Response Surface Methodology
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Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Oil from Canola Seeds with the Use of Response Surface Methodology Farshid Jalili 1 & Seid Mahdi Jafari 1 & Zahra Emam-Djomeh 2 & Narjes Malekjani 1 & Vahid Farzaneh 1
Received: 2 May 2017 / Accepted: 23 August 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017
Abstract In the current study, response surface optimization of canola oil extraction assisted by 35 kHz, 800 W ultrasound waves and with the use of hexane and 3:2 hexane–isopropanol at the proportion of 3/2 as solvents was conducted. The influence of extraction temperature (35, 45, and 55°C), ultrasound treatment time (30, 60, and 90 min), and solvent-to-canola (sample) ratio (5, 10, and 15 (% v/w)) on the percentage of the extracted oil and oxidative stability of the extracted oil was analyzed through Box-Behnken design. The achieved results revealed that the optimized conditions for canola oil extraction (22.39% efficiency) by hexane was 87 min ultrasound treatment at 55°C and solvent-to-canola proportion of 6.39 (% v/ w). On the other hand, the optimized conditions for canola oil extraction (30.66% efficiency) by hexane–isopropanol mixture were 69.5 min ultrasound treatment at 55°C and solvent-to-canola ratio of 9.12 (% v/w). The obtained outcomes revealed that ultrasound waves significantly improved the extraction efficiency compared to Soxhlet extraction. The extraction efficiency was improved when hexane–isopropanol mixture was applied. In optimized condition, oxidative stability of the extracted oil has been achieved at 12.55 and 40.9 h, respectively, once hexane and hexane–isopropanol were used as solvents for extraction. Oxidative stability presented consid-
* Seid Mahdi Jafari [email protected]
1
Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2
Department of Food Science and Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
erable enhancement with an increase in ultrasound treatment. Extracted oil with the use of mixed solvent (hexane– isopropanol) presented higher value for oxidative stability compared to the extracted oil with the use of hexane as a solvent. Comparison between the ultrasound-assisted and Soxhlet extracted oils with the use of gas chromatography presented no significant difference in their fatty acid profiles. Keywords Canola . Oil extraction . Ultrasound . Response surface methodology . GC analysis
Introduction Canola is genetically modified from Brassica napus and Brassica rapa, which contains a maximum of 2% erucic acid in the extracted oil and 30 mg g−1 glucosinolate in dry meal. Parameters including high oil content, valuable nutritional properties, economic value, and adaptable properties to different cultivation conditions have made canola seeds as one of the most exceptional and economic oilseeds in oil industry (Przybylski, 2011). Some 22.39 million tons of oil was extracted from 62.45 million tons of the harvested canola seeds in 2011, which was determined as the second ran
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