Ozonolysis as an Effective Pretreatment Strategy for Bioethanol Production from Marine Algae
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Ozonolysis as an Effective Pretreatment Strategy for Bioethanol Production from Marine Algae Sulfahri 1
&
Siti Mushlihah 2 & Alexandra Langford 3
&
Asmi Citra Malina A. R. Tassakka 4
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Marine algae are promising third-generation feedstocks for bioethanol production as they are fast growing, require minimal inputs, and do not compete for land. However, marine algae have complex cell walls which necessitate pretreatment prior to fermentation, and this represents a major component of the cost of bioethanol production. Standard pretreatment processes using acids are costly and generate hazardous waste streams. This study aims to develop an economic and environmentally friendly pretreatment process using ozonolysis for the marine algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Gelidium amansii. Acid and ozone pretreatments were compared across the pretreatment, enzyme hydrolysis, and fermentation stages of bioethanol production. Acid pretreatment outperformed ozonolysis over the pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis stages. However, it also generated as by-products the compounds 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) and levulinic acid (LA), which inhibited ethanol fermentation and reduced the efficiency of the process overall. Ozone pretreatment did not produce these inhibitory compounds, and as such outperformed acid pretreatment across the process as a whole. These results indicate the potential of ozonolysis as an economic and environmentally friendly pretreatment for the production of bioethanol from marine algae. Keywords Acid . Biofuel . Fermentation . Ozone . Seaweed
Introduction Bioethanol is a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its capacity for sustainable and environmentally friendly production [1, 2]. Seaweed (macroalgae) is a promising thirdgeneration feedstock for bioethanol production, because * Sulfahri [email protected] Siti Mushlihah [email protected]; [email protected] Alexandra Langford [email protected] Asmi Citra Malina A. R. Tassakka [email protected] 1
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
2
School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
3
School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
4
Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
unlike first- and second-generation feedstocks, it does not compete for land or freshwater resources [3]. Many seaweeds have high carbohydrate contents and rapid growth rates, making them a potentially sustainable bioethanol feedstock [3, 4]. Macroalgae are grouped into three types: Rhodophyceae (red seaweed), Phaeophyceae (brown seaweed), and Chlorophyceae (green seaweed) [5]. Of these, red seaweeds are the most widely commercially cultivated in the world because of their high productivity and rapid growth [6, 7]. In 2017, red seaweeds accounted for 46% of the $11 billion global seaweed market [8]. Indonesia produces 56% of
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