Physicochemical and Biological Evaluation of Different Extracts of Edible Solanum nigrum L. Leaves Incorporated Chitosan
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Physicochemical and Biological Evaluation of Different Extracts of Edible Solanum nigrum L. Leaves Incorporated Chitosan/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Composite Films Tilak Gasti1 · Shruti Dixit2 · Sarala P. Sataraddi1 · Vishram D. Hiremani1 · Saraswati P. Masti3 · Ravindra B. Chougale1 · Ravindra B. Malabadi4
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this work, composite films for food packaging were prepared from chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) incorporated with extracts of edible Solanum nigrum L. (SN) leaves by solvent casting method. The effect of water (SW), ethanol (SE), and methanolic (SM) extracts of SN leaves on the mechanical, physical, barrier, optical, soil degradability, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of the films were studied. The composite films have smooth homogeneous surface morphology and showed enhanced UV blocking properties. Incorporation of SN leaves extract greatly enhances the tensile strength. The water vapor transmission rate also improved by the influence of SN extracts. The surface wettability of the composite films significantly (p CPM > CPW > CS/PVA). Opacity is one of the most important properties of packaging films. The opacity of the prepared CS/PVA and the effect of SN leaves extracts on the opacity and transparency of prepared composite films were shown in Fig. 3a, b and Table 1. A film without SN extracts (CS/PVA) shows more transparency and low opacity value. Incorporation of the SN extracts slightly decreases the transparency (increases opacity value) due to a very low concentration of plant extract. Similar results were reported on the incorporation of mango peel extract into gelatin film show a reduction in transparency [41].
Mechanical Properties Tensile properties are the foremost important properties for understanding the behavior of the materials in the packaging applications [42], and also in wound dressings [43]. The thickness and the mechanical properties, such as Tensile strength (Ts), Elongation at break (Eb) and Young’s modulus (Ym) of the prepared films were shown
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Journal of Polymers and the Environment
Fig. 3 UV Transmittance (a), opacity measurements (b), tensile properties (c, d)
Table 1 Thickness, tensile properties, and optical properties of prepared composite films Sample code
CS/PVA CPW CPE CPM
Tensile properties
Optical properties
Thickness (mm)
Ts (MPa)
Eb (%)
Ym (MPa)
Transmittance (%) Opacity (AU nm/mm) at 600 nm
0.06 ± 0.01a 0.05 ± 0.01a 0.07 ± 0.00a 0.07 ± 0.02a
23.92 ± 0.12a 38.64 ± 0.01b 32.54 ± 0.06c 49.50 ± 0.08d
17.67 ± 1.02a 26.51 ± 0.96b 22.35 ± 0.21c 47.17 ± 0.85d
432.71 ± 3.08a 644.30 ± 1.12b 584.85 ± 4.29c 660.50 ± 2.87bd
85.57 ± 1.02a 82.54 ± 0.88b 85.57 ± 1.42ac 86.14 ± 1.11acd
1.12 ± 0.96a 1.66 ± 0.82a 1.35 ± 0.81a 1.07 ± 0.76a
Different letters within a column represent significantly different values at (p ≤ 0.05) using Tukey test (mean ± SD, n = 3)
in Fig. 3c, d and data were tabulated in Table 1. All prepared films have an average thickne
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