Physiological and metabolic alterations induced by phthalates in plants: possible mechanisms of their uptake and degrada
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REVIEW
Physiological and metabolic alterations induced by phthalates in plants: possible mechanisms of their uptake and degradation Ritika Sharma1 · Rajinder Kaur1 Received: 13 February 2020 / Revised: 23 September 2020 / Accepted: 24 October 2020 © Society for Environmental Sustainability 2020
Abstract Phthalates or phthalate acid esters (PAEs) belong to a class of chemicals renowned for frequent use in an array of plastic products. Phthalates are basically endocrine disruptors and act as mutagens. These are typical emerging pollutants and are largely debated because of their toxicological implications on living organisms. Phthalates stress is one of the prevailing stress to living organisms nowadays, which is not only limited to animals but also on plants. They interfere with the physiological and morphological characteristics of plants and bring about various metabolic alterations. Therefore, it is essential to explore the exact mechanisms adopted by plants to overcome phthalates induced stress. This review article is a dedicated attempt to unravel the probable mechanisms behind phthalate uptake, accumulation, sequestration, and degradation in plant cells and critically reviewed the plethora of toxicological effects caused by phthalates to plants including agricultural crops. The article will help understand the tolerance strategies adopted by various plants to cope up with stress, which will further help in the identification of plant species for phytoremediation. Keywords Phthalates · Emerging pollutants · Stress · Detoxification · Phytoremediation · Degradation
Introduction The accomplishments and mushrooming progress in industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors in developing countries led to the increasing problem of environmental pollution. Continuous industrial activities and overutilization of resources have intensified air, soil, and water pollution (Wyszkowski and Ziółkowska 2013). There are various persistent inorganic and organic compounds that enter into the environment because of many anthropocentric activities and insufficient waste disposal. The entry of these compounds into the air, soil, and water resources is a threat to our environment which creates an alarming situation, as these interfere with the growth and development of plants. These chemicals enter the food chain, bioaccumulate, magnify, and exacerbate human health by posing serious health issues (Wyszkowski and Wyszkowska 2009). * Rajinder Kaur [email protected] Ritika Sharma [email protected] 1
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
Like inorganic compounds, industries also manufacture many organic compounds at a very high pace for use in industries, agriculture, and domestic purposes. Eventually, most of these organic compounds found their way into freshwater or aquatic water systems and pose a serious threat to living organisms (Sharma and Kaur 2019a, 2019b). Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are also synthetic organic compounds known for the
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