Polynorepinephrine: state-of-the-art and perspective applications in biosensing and molecular recognition
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Polynorepinephrine: state-of-the-art and perspective applications in biosensing and molecular recognition Veronica Baldoneschi 1 & Pasquale Palladino 1 & Simona Scarano 1 & Maria Minunni 1 Received: 13 December 2019 / Revised: 25 February 2020 / Accepted: 3 March 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The polymerization of norepinephrine, and the properties of the related polymer polynorepinephrine, started to be investigated barely 9 years ago and only few works were produced so far, mainly in materials science and medicine. An unexpectedly low relevance, especially if compared with the interest toward dopamine and polydopamine, differing from norepinephrine only for a hydroxyl group and whose properties were deeply investigated and applied to an impressive number of subject areas. We show here that in some cases, norepinephrine and dopamine monomers can be exchanged without virtually affecting the experimental results. But even more interesting, the choice of norepinephrine can positively influence the properties of the final polymer. In particular, the smoother and more hydrophilic surface of polynorepinephrine may enhance cell adhesion and proliferation, increase the activity of conjugated biomolecules, and induce higher cellular uptake of nanodrugs. Moreover, polynorepinephrine presents an additional anchoring point that can be exploited for further functionalization. Nevertheless, despite its potential for bioconjugation and molecular recognition, polynorepinephrine has not yet been considered in biosensing. Here we report our feelings in terms of perspective use of polynorepinephrine as new functional monomer for biomimetic receptor development by molecular imprinting, with application in affinity biosensing. Keywords Polynorepinephrine (PNE) . Polydopamine (PDA) . Polycatecholamine . Biosensing . Molecular imprinting . Surface coating
Introduction Norepinephrine (NE, or noradrenaline), together with dopamine (DA) and serotonin, is among the better-known neurotransmitters and it is the most active during the day, being related with physiological arousal. An unbalanced level of NE may be responsible for bipolar depressive disorders; indeed, specific antidepressant drugs are directed right to NE activity [1]. NE and DA are both catecholamines sharing an enormous scientific literature, mainly describing their role in medicine, biochemistry, neuroscience, and pharmacology. From the structural point of view, these two endogenous molecules differ only for a supplementary hydroxyl group in NE Published in the topical collection featuring Female Role Models in Analytical Chemistry. * Simona Scarano [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
(Fig. 1a). Notably, apart from the role of neurotransmitter, a surprisingly broad range of applications have interested DA in the last decade. Mostly, they report on its capacity to easily self-polymerize under alkaline conditions to form adherent films o
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