Nanozymes in electrochemical affinity biosensing
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Nanozymes in electrochemical affinity biosensing Susana Campuzano 1
&
María Pedrero 1 & Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño 1 & José M. Pingarrón 1
Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 13 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Over the past decade, artificial nanomaterials that exhibit properties similar to those of enzymes are gaining attraction in electrochemical biosensing as highly stable and low-cost alternatives to enzymes. This review article discusses the main features of the various nanomaterials (metal oxide, metal, and carbon-based materials) explored so far to mimic different kinds of enzymes. The unprecedented opportunities imparted by these functional nanomaterials or their nanohybrids, mostly providing peroxidase-like activity, in electrochemical affinity biosensing are critically discussed mainly in connection with their use as catalytic labels or electrode surface modifiers by highlighting representative strategies reported in the past 5 years with application in the food, environmental, and biomedical fields. Apart from outlining the pros and cons of nanomaterial-based enzyme mimetics arising from the impressive development they have experienced over the last few years, current challenges and future directions for achieving their widespread use and exploiting their full potential in the development of electrochemical biosensors are discussed. Keywords Nanozymes . Mimicked enzyme activity . Electrochemical affinity biosensor . Electrode modifiers . Catalytic labels
Introduction The high substrate specificity and their catalytic efficiency in biological reactions make enzymes have important applications in medicine, agriculture, chemical industry, and food processing [1]. However, intrinsic limitations (limited versatility and variety of substrates; high cost of preparation, isolation, and purification; low operational stabilities; limited tolerance to harsh environmental conditions (extreme pH, high temperature); protease digestion and solvents other than water; and difficulty in storage and large preparation time) have boosted the development of “artificial enzymes” [1–11]. Among them, nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics, called “nanozymes,” have emerged as the next generation of enzyme mimics. These nanozymes have attracted continuous attention since the unexpected discovery of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNPs) with peroxidase-like activity in 2007. So far, different nanomaterials (metal oxides, metals, and
* Susana Campuzano [email protected] 1
Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
carbon based) have shown to provide catalytic activities similar to those of the enzyme peroxidase, oxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and laccase [7, 12, 13]. Nanozymes, combining the advantages of chemical catalysts and enzymes [8], outperform natural enzymes because they are usually synthetized using low-cost, simple, and mass-production methods and offer high operati
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