Population differentiation, antifungal susceptibility, and host range of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates causing re
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Population differentiation, antifungal susceptibility, and host range of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates causing recalcitrant infections in humans and animals Sebastian Gnat 1
&
Dominik Łagowski 1 & Aneta Nowakiewicz 1 & Marcelina Osińska 1 & Łukasz Kopiński 2
Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 10 June 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The major problems in determining the causative factors of the high prevalence of dermatophytoses include the lack of a wellstandardized antifungal susceptibility testing method, the low consistency of in vitro and clinical minimal inhibitory concentration values, the high genomic diversity of the population, and the unclear mechanism of pathogenicity. These factors are of particular importance when the disease is recalcitrant and relapses. Herein, we identified and characterized Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates obtained from therapy-resistant cases in humans and animals. We used genomic diversity analysis of 17 human and 27 animal clinical isolates with the MP-PCR technique, determined their phenotypic enzymatic activity and host range, and performed antifungal susceptibility testing to currently available antifungal drugs from various chemical groups. Genomic diversity values of 35.3% and 33.3% were obtained for clinical isolates from humans and animals, respectively, yet without any relationship to the host species or antifungal drug to which resistance in therapy was revealed. The highest activity of keratinase enzymes was recorded for fox, guinea pig, and human hairs. These hosts can be considered as the main species in the host range of these isolates. A phenyl morpholine derivative, i.e. amorolfine, exhibited superior activity against strains obtained from both humans and animals with the lowest MIC50. Interestingly, high compliance of terbinafine in vitro resistance with clinical problems in the treatment with this substance was shown as well. The high resistance of dermatophytes to drugs is the main cause of the recalcitrance of the infection, whereas the other features of the fungus are less important. Keywords Antifungal resistance . Dermatophytes . Genomic diversity . Pathogenicity . Trichophyton mentagrophytes . Therapy . Public health . Keratinolytic activity
Introduction Dermatophytes are the most commonly encountered fungi in humans and other vertebrates spreading through direct or indirect contacts with infected individuals and soil [1, 2]. Epidemiological studies have documented a varied prevalence * Sebastian Gnat [email protected] * Dominik Łagowski [email protected] 1
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
2
Faculty of Agrobioengineering, Department of Management and Marketing, University of Life Sciences, Dobrzanskiego 37, 20-626 Lublin, Poland
rate of dermatophytosis ranging from 14 to 26.8% in North America, Asia, and Europe and from 5 to 31.6% in Africa (Ethiopia,
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