Porous collagen scaffold micro-fabrication: feature-based process planning for computer numerically controlled laser sys
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Porous collagen scaffold micro-fabrication: feature-based process planning for computer numerically controlled laser systems Stylianos Kechagias 1 & Fereniki Moschogiannaki 2 & Emmanuel Stratakis 3 & Dimitrios S. Tzeranis 4,5 & George-Christopher Vosniakos 1 Received: 17 August 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Porous collagen–based scaffolds are biostructures with demonstrated ability to induce regeneration in animal models as well as in human patients. In addition to their porous structure and physicochemical properties that have been shown to affect the regeneration process, channel-like features inside the scaffolds could provide additional beneficial effects to cells since they provide favorable orientation guidance to cells and favor the transport of required nutrients. Among other methods, ablation by ultra-short laser pulses can be used to fabricate smooth high-precision micro-scale patterns in biomaterials due to their confined damage region. This work presents a holistic approach for the precise generation of complex micron-sized features in porous collagenbased scaffolds, implemented via computer-driven 2½D layer micromachining by a focused femtosecond laser. Tool paths in G code format are generated by a computer program which enables the fabrication of geometric features (straight lines, circular and curved shapes) at specific planes. By taking into account the dependence of ablation volume on key process parameters, such as mean power, feed rate, and focal depth, complex features were fabricated on top and beneath the surface of porous scaffolds at ± 30 μm maximum dimensional tolerance of using optimized cutting parameters. Keywords Porous collagen scaffolds . Micro-channels . Laser ablation . Micro-patterning . Computer aided manufacturing
1 Introduction Femtosecond (fs) laser micromachining has gained much attention and has been adopted by various industries due its Stylianos Kechagias, Fereniki Moschogiannaki, Emmanuel Stratakis, Dimitrios S. Tzeranis and George-Christopher Vosniakos contributed equally to this work. * George-Christopher Vosniakos [email protected] 1
Section of Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechniou 9, 15780 Zografou, Athens, Greece
2
Department of Physics, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
3
Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
4
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
5
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
notable advantages. Apart from the lack of contact, a major advantage of lasers over conventional manufacturing processes, ultra-short fs laser pulses lack most side effects induced by lasers of longer pulses, mainly nanoseconds or longer. Specifically, ultra-s
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