Portuguese Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold populations: genetic diversity, structure and relationships inferred by SSR markers
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RESEARCH PAPER
Portuguese Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold populations: genetic diversity, structure and relationships inferred by SSR markers Alexandra Dias 1 & Guia Giovannelli 2 & Bruno Fady 2 & Ilaria Spanu 3 & Giovanni G Vendramin 3 & Francesca Bagnoli 3 & Ana Carvalho 1,4,5 & Maria Emília Silva 1,6 & José Lima-Brito 1,4,5 & José Luís Lousada 1,6 & Maria João Gaspar 4,5,7 Received: 9 June 2019 / Accepted: 19 May 2020 # INRAE and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract & Key message Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold has an ecological and economic interest in Europe, but many of the planted populations have an unknown origin and infraspecific taxonomy. Six Portuguese P. nigra populations characterised with microsatellites revealed high intra-population diversity structured into two clusters with low differentiation that might suggest two provenances or infraspecific taxa. Despite compared with foreign samples from different subspecies, we were not able to infer about the origin or infraspecific taxonomy of the Portuguese populations based on the pooled microsatellite data. & Context Many of the European Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold forests were planted with the material of unknown origin. Efforts have been made to determine their provenances and infraspecific taxonomy regarding their relevance for defining strategies of genetic resources conservation, germplasm use, forest management and genetic improvement. The Portuguese P. nigra populations are allochthonous, and their provenance and infraspecific taxonomy are unknown. & Aims With this work, we intended to characterise the Portuguese P. nigra populations regarding its genetic diversity, structure and relationships using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and/or to infer about its origin and infraspecific taxonomy by comparing the SSR patterns of foreign P. nigra samples of known taxonomic classification. & Methods A total of 224 Portuguese P. nigra individuals from six populations were characterised using 14 SSR markers developed specifically to different Pinus sp., including P. nigra, by other authors. & Results Thirteen SSR loci were selected and showed 100% of polymorphism among individuals. The genetic diversity was higher within (95%) rather than among (5%) populations. The Portuguese individuals were structured into two main clusters (K = 2) with low genetic differentiation (FST = 0.04), and the foreign samples were genetically distant from the Portuguese individuals. & Conclusion The six Portuguese P. nigra populations revealed high genetic diversity and seemed to be structured into two main clusters with low differentiation suggesting two provenances or infraspecific taxa. Nonetheless, the comparative analyses with foreign samples did not allow a clear inference about its origin and/or infraspecific taxonomy. Additional foreign samples and/or molecular markers will be tested to pursue these goals. Keywords European Black Pine . Microsatellites . Polymorphism . Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) Handling Editor: Ricardo Alia * Maria João Gaspar mjgas
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