Potential reverse spillover of infectious bursal disease virus at the interface of commercial poultry and wild birds
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Potential reverse spillover of infectious bursal disease virus at the interface of commercial poultry and wild birds Rania F. El Naggar1 · Mohammed A. Rohaim2 · Muhammad Munir3 Received: 13 May 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Recently, multiple spillover events between domesticated poultry and wild birds have been reported for several avian viruses. This phenomenon highlights the importance of the livestock-wildlife interface in the possible emergence of novel viruses. The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential spillover and epidemiological links of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) between wild birds and domestic poultry. To this end, twenty-eight cloacal swabs were collected from four species of free-living Egyptian wild birds (i.e. mallard duck, bean goose, white-fronted goose and black-billed magpie). Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of three positive isolates revealed that the IBDV/USC-1/2019 strain clustered with previously reported very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) Egyptian isolates. Interestingly, two other wild bird-origin isolates (i.e. IBDV/ USC-2/2019 and IBDV/USC-3/2019) grouped with a vaccine strain that is being used in commercial poultry. In conclusion, our results revealed the molecular detection of vaccine and vvIBDV-like strains in Egyptian wild birds and highlighted the potential role of wild birds in IBDV epidemiology in disease-endemic regions. Keywords Viruses · Spill over · Evolution · Poultry
Introduction Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and highly contagious disease of chicks, and the clinical impact of IBD is mainly attributed to its severe immunosuppression especially in young chickens. The IBDV infection particularly targets and annihilates the precursors of antibody-producing B cells within the bursa of Fabricius (BF) [1]. Importantly, the damages to the BF are permanent, resulting in vaccination failure and expanded defencelessness to other diseases [2].
Edited by William Dundon. Rania F. El Naggar and Mohammed A. Rohaim have contributed equally. * Muhammad Munir [email protected] 1
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
2
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
3
Division of Biomedical and Life Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YG, UK
The IBDV is non-enveloped, icosahedral in shape, and carry double-stranded RNA genome within the genus Avibirnavirus of family Birnaviridae [3]. The IBDV is composed of segment A (~ 3.17 kb in length) and B (~ 2.8 kb in length) [3]. The segment A is comprised of two partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). The non-structural viral protein 5 (VP5) encoded by the first ORF, whereas the second ORF encodes a polyprotein. This polyprotein is eventually cleaved into two structural proteins known as VP2 and VP3, and a serine protease called VP4 [4–6]. The VP2 is the main structural protein and carries a
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