Principles of Laser Therapy
The theoretic principles behind the laser were developed as early as 1917 when Einstein laid the groundwork for stimulated emission in his treatise “On the Quantum Theory of Radiation.” In 1949, Meyer-Schwickerath created chorioretinal burns around retina
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Principles of Laser Therapy Stefan Sacu and Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
Contents
9.1
9.1
Introduction ................................................
83
9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4
Basic Considerations.................................. Laser Properties ........................................... Laser Output ................................................ Tissue Effects ............................................... Treatment Variables .....................................
84 84 84 84 84
9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6 9.3.7
Types of Lasers ........................................... Ruby Laser ................................................... Argon Laser ................................................. Krypton Laser .............................................. Dye Laser ..................................................... Diode Laser .................................................. Holmium Laser ............................................ Excimer Laser ..............................................
85 85 85 85 86 86 86 86
9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3
Techniques of Laser Therapy ................... Laser Photocoagulation................................ Transpupillary Thermotherapy .................... Photodynamic Therapy ................................
86 86 86 87
9.5
Summary.....................................................
87
References .................................................................
88
S. Sacu, MD • U. Schmidt-Erfurth, MD (*) Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, AKH, Vienna, Austria e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Introduction
The theoretic principles behind the laser were developed as early as 1917 when Einstein laid the groundwork for stimulated emission in his treatise “On the Quantum Theory of Radiation.” In 1949, Meyer-Schwickerath created chorioretinal burns around retinal holes using the sun as the light source. A variety of different light sources were investigated in the prototype instruments before Carl Zeiss developed the first commercial model using a Xenon lamp in 1956 [1]. Maiman and Gould (1960) invented the ruby laser considered to be the first successful laser. The ruby laser was followed by the argon (L’Esperance, Zweng, and Little, 1968–1969) and krypton (Tek, 1978) lasers. Further innovations such as Nd:YAG (neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser (Frankhauser and Aron Rosa, 1981), excimer laser (Trokel, 1983), and dye laser (L’Esperance, 1986) followed. Clinical trials of laser photocoagulation were first initiated by Campbell, Noyori, and Zweng. More recently, photodynamic therapy for the treatment of intraocular tumors (Murphree, 1987) and of age-related macular degeneration (Schmidt-Erfurth and Miller, 1999) has vastly expanded the range of clinical laser applications [2, 3].
A.D. Singh, B. Damato (eds.), Clinical Ophthalmic Oncology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-40489-4_9, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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S. Sacu and U.
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