Profound implication of histological alterations, haematological responses and biocidal assessment of cationic amphiphil
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Profound implication of histological alterations, haematological responses and biocidal assessment of cationic amphiphiles unified with their molecular architecture Unnati Dani 1 & Farida Minocheherhomji 2 & Anita Bahadur 1 & Ketan Kuperkar 3 Received: 20 March 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The interfacial properties depicting the micellization behaviour of the cationic amphiphiles (surfactants) belonging to the class of quaternary ammonium salts varying in degree of hydrophobicity were evaluated using tensiometry, conductivity and fluorescence spectrophotometric methods at 303.15 K. The impact of the amphiphilic nature of these amphiphiles as a function of their concentration is accounted against the selective microbial strains using the well-diffusion approach. Also, its influence on the histological (shrinkage/curling of lamellae, necrosis, haemorrhage, hyperplasia of villi in gills and intestine) alterations and haematological (blood parameters) changes in fingerling of Cirrhinus mrigala (C. mrigala) offers an insight into the stern damages reported as aquatic toxicity. The lesions exhibited moderate to severe alterations that are further correlated with the semi-quantitative mean alteration value (MAV). The in vitro and in vivo findings are explained significantly in terms of amphiphilic hydrophobicity which followed the order: C16TAB > C12TAB. All the observed outcomes are rationalized by the structural assessment of the selected amphiphiles as specified by the computational simulation approach using density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP method and 3-21G basis source set. This work also portrays the biodegradability of these cationic amphiphiles and their fate on the environment. Keywords Cationic amphiphiles . Biocidal activity . Histology . Haematology . Computational simulation . Biodegradation Highlights • Micellization and antimicrobial act of cationic amphiphiles have been assessed. • Outcome from the histological study of C. mrigala is integrated with MAV. • Haematological parameters evidently depicted an increased toxicity. • Effect of amphiphilic hydrophobicity is correlated with the derived optimization. • Biodegradation is further explored for better understanding its fate on environment. Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11010-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ketan Kuperkar [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Bhagwan Mahavir College of Science and Technology, Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
2
Department of Microbiology, B. P. Baria Science Institute, Navsari, Gujarat 396445, India
3
Applied Chemistry Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
Introduction Quaternary ammonium amphiphiles being surface-active agents (surfactants) contain at least one hydrocarbon (hydrophobic
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