Protein, amino acids and obesity treatment
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Protein, amino acids and obesity treatment Mathilde Simonson 1 & Yves Boirie 1
&
Christelle Guillet 1
# The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Dietary proteins have been used for years to treat obesity. Body weight loss is beneficial when it concerns fat mass, but loss of fat free mass – especially muscle might be detrimental. This occurs because protein breakdown predominates over synthesis, thus administering anabolic dietary compounds like proteins might counter fat free mass loss while allowing for fat mass loss. Indeed, varying the quantity of proteins will decrease muscle anabolic response and increase hyperphagia in rodents fed a low protein diet; but it will favor lean mass maintenance and promote satiety, in certain age groups of humans fed a high protein diet. Beyond protein quantity, protein source is an important metabolic regulator: whey protein and plant based diets exercize favorable effects on the risk of developing obesity, body composition, metabolic parameters or fat free mass preservation of obese patients. Specific amino-acids like branched chain amino acids (BCAA), methionine, tryptophan and its metabolites, and glutamate can also positively influence parameters and complications of obesity especially in rodent models, with less studies translating this in humans. Tuning the quality and quantity of proteins or even specific amino-acids can thus be seen as a potential therapeutic intervention on the body composition, metabolic syndrome parameters and appetite regulation of obese patients. Since these effects vary across age groups and much of the data comes from murine models, long-term prospective studies modulating proteins and amino acids in the human diet are needed. Keywords Amino acids . Proteins quality and quantity . Obesity . BCAA . Methionine . Tryptophan
1 Introduction Obesity has become a major public health problem because of its high prevalence in both developed and developing countries and its major complications, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory failure and cancers. Finding effective treatment and/or preventive approaches targeting weight loss, its maintenance, and thus the reduction of obesity prevalence is a major challenge. Obesity is accompanied by important changes in body composition reflecting a combination of changes in fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM), leading thus to modification of energy expenditure and regulation of food intake and appetite. Obesity is also associated with various degrees of metabolic impairments especially regarding carbohydrate and lipid
* Yves Boirie [email protected] 1
UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CRNH Auvergne, INRA, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
metabolism, but it is noteworthy that protein metabolism is also affected in this clinical situation. Indeed, protein turnover rate involving protein synthesis and protein breakdown processes, modulates muscle quantity and quality by controlling the amount of proteins and their po
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