A Review on the Serum Electrolytes and Trace Elements Role in the Pathophysiology of COVID-19
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A Review on the Serum Electrolytes and Trace Elements Role in the Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Mohammad Taheri 1
&
Ali Bahrami 2,3 & Parisa Habibi 4
&
Fatemeh Nouri 3
Received: 10 August 2020 / Accepted: 2 September 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract All the world is involved in the COVID-19 disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus is a positive-sense RNA and has an envelope. There is no specific drug for this disease and treatment methods are limited. Malnutrition and electrolyte imbalance can make dysfunction in the immune system and impairment of the immune system causes increasing the risk of infection. Understanding the aspects of biological features of the virus will help the development of diagnostic tests, pharmacological therapies, and vaccines. Here, we review and discuss increasing and decreasing some trace elements and imbalance of serum and plasma electrolytes involving in COVID-19. Keywords Covid-19 . Electrolytes . Trace elements . Micronutrients
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is caused by a strain of coronavirus which is a member of the genus Betacoronavirus and has become a global health problem that affected the lives of billions of people worldwide [1]. Understanding the aspects of biological features of the virus will help the development of diagnostic tests, pharmacological therapies, and vaccines. It has been suggested dietary management is considered a strategy to minimize the potential risk of COVID-19 infection [2]. The nutritional condition should control in COVID-19 patients, and its disorders must be managed especially in patients associated with poor outcomes, including elderly, impaired wound healing, higher rates of nosocomial infections, and all-cause mortality. When malnutrition occurred, the
* Fatemeh Nouri [email protected] 1
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
2
Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
4
Neurophysiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
immune response also is weakened [3]. Patients with insufficient nutrition status should receive nutrition as soon as possible. Also, some pathological conditions cause loss of water and electrolytes in the body, especially in the gastrointestinal form of COVID-19 disease, which is associated with diarrhea, in which the body experiences hyponatremia and the first step in a treat is water supply and electrolyte are lost [4]. Because of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant attributes of some vitamins and nutrients, they may be beneficial for the infected patients with COVID-19 [5, 6]. Vitamins including A, B, C, D, E, and folate and trac
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