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SOILS, SEC 3 • REMEDIATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CONTAMINATED OR DEGRADED LANDS • RESEARCH ARTICLE

Contribution of chemical inputs on the trace elements concentrations of surface soils in urban allotment gardens Sophie Joimel 1 & Jérôme Cortet 2 & Jean Noël Consalès 3 & Philippe Branchu 4 & Claire-Sophie Haudin 1 & Jean Louis Morel 5 & Christophe Schwartz 5 Received: 8 April 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Purpose Urban soil contamination by heavy metals is one of the foremost challenges for urban soil quality, especially in the urban agriculture context. Urban gardening is a common practice in many industrialized and developing countries. How sources of soil contamination relate to inputs and influence the heavy metal content in soils, however, is not established yet. Materials and methods This study aims to assess the potential of pesticide applications (such as Bordeaux mixture) on soil quality. A set of 104 allotment gardens was selected in three cities in France, and topsoil was sampled and analyzed. Results and discussion The four most abundant metals in urban vegetable garden topsoils were Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cr. The past and/ or present industrial and urban activities are not the only cause of the metal contamination in urban vegetable garden soils. Gardens, where pesticides such as the Bordeaux mixture are being used showed significantly higher total Cu values in soils (78 mg kg−1 compared with 49 mg kg−1 for untreated gardens). Conclusions Even though the risk of metal contamination through vegetable consumption is usually considered low, we clearly identified indicators of anthropogenic Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn pollution due to pesticides inputs. This link was particularly strong between the use of Bordeaux mixture and increases Cu levels. Keywords Agrochemicals . Bordeaux mixture . Heavy metals . Urban allotment gardens . Urban soils

1 Introduction Urban allotment gardens, also called community gardens, are expanding worldwide, especially in industrialized countries (Draper and Freedman 2010; Guitart et al. 2012). They have Responsible editor: Claudio Colombo * Sophie Joimel [email protected] 1

UMR ECOSYS, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France

2

UMR CEFE 5175, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, F-34199 Montpellier cedex, France

3

Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7303 TELEMME, Aix-en-Provence, France

4

Cerema, Equipe TEAM, Direction territoriale Ile de France, F-78190 Trappes, France

5

Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LSE, F-54000 Nancy, France

the particularity of offering a unique combination of economic, social, and environmental functions (Bell 2016) such as leisure activities (Consalès 2004), whilst providing a wide range of ecosystem services to their users and citizens (Duchemin et al. 2009) (e.g., vegetable production). However, the value of these services is directly related to the soil quality, including fertility and presence of